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VP Exam 2 > Pharm > Flashcards

Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

Breed specific sensitivity (2)

A

collies- ivermectin

boxers-phenothiazines

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2
Q

common weights of cats, labs, and horses

A

cat- 5kg
lab-30kg
horse-500kg

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3
Q

idiosyncrasy

A

unpredictable, abnormal reaction

no previous exposure

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4
Q

3 examples of idiosyncrasy

A

enrofloxacin- retinal damage in cats
griseofulvin- liver damage in cats
captopril- renal damage in dogs

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5
Q

hypersensitivity

A

drug allergy

prior exposure is necessary

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6
Q

Disease factors 3 examples

A

liver disease- decreases drug metabolism
kidney disease- decreases renal excretion
congestive heart failure- decreases renal excretion

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7
Q

tolerance

A

unusual resistance to ordinary dose of the drug

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8
Q

two types of acquired tolerance

A

enzyme induction- increases metabolic rate

tachyphylaxis- acute (24 hours)

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9
Q

Age related factors- newborn

A

decreased matabolism, excretion, plasma protein binding, blood brain barrier
increased- total body water

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10
Q

what are newborns susceptible to? (3)

A

tetracylines- teeth and bone
fluoroquinolones- cartilage
glucocorticoids- growth inhibition

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11
Q

Age related factors- geriatric

A

decreased- metabolic enzymes, hepatic blood lfow, renal function, cardiac putput, total body water, plasma protein, lean body mass
increased- body fat, distribution

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12
Q

what are geriatrics susceptible to? (1)

A

chronic disease

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13
Q

What are the four factors related to the drug?

A

route of administration: IV is faster than oral
timing: oral absorption faster before a meal
cumulation: more coming in than going out
drug-drug interactions

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14
Q

Drug-drug interactions (4 types)

A

summation
potentiation
synergism
antagonism

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15
Q

summation

A

sum of effects of two of the same drugs

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16
Q

potentiation

A

2 different drugs with different actions, but they intensify the effects of each other.
the combined effect is greater than the sum of the drugs by themselves

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17
Q

synergism

A

2 different drugs with the same action so they exaggerate the effects

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18
Q

antagonism

A

decreases effect of other drug

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19
Q

what are the three types of antagonism

A

chemical
physological
pharmacological

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20
Q

what are the two mechanisms of drug-drug interaction

A

pharmacodynamic

pharmacokinetic

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21
Q

two types or pharmacokinetic mechanisms

A

biotransformation

excretion

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22
Q

two types of biotransformation

A

enzyme inducers= phenobarbital may decrease effects of other drugs
enzyme inhibitors= chloramphenicol= increase effects of other drugs

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23
Q

two types of excretion

A

urinary alkalinizers= sodium bicarbonate increase renal excretion of acidic drugs
urinary acidifiers= ammonium chloride increase renal excretion of basic drugs

24
Q

Body fluid distribution

A

total body water= 60%
intracellular fluid= 40%
extracellular fluid= 20%

25
Q

Extracellular fluid distribution

A

plasma= 5%
interstitial fluid= 9%
transcellular water= 1%

26
Q

extracellular ions (3)

A

sodium, chloride, bicarbonate

27
Q

intracellular ions (2)

A

potassium and phosphate

28
Q

three types of crystalloids

A 
isotonic= replacement and resuscitation
hypotonic= maintenance, replace intracellular space
hypertonic= resuscitation fluids, treatment of specific disease states
29
Q

isontonic solution examples (4)

A

0.9% NaCL (saline)
ringers solution
lactated ringers solution
sodium gluconate and acetate solution

30
Q

hypotonic solution examples (2)

A

2.5% and 5% dextrose

1/2 saline (0.45% NaCl)

31
Q

Hypertonic solution examples (2)

A

7.5% saline

normal saline with dextrose

32
Q

two types of colloids solutions

A

natural or synthetic

33
Q

natural colloids (3)

A

whole blood
plasma
albumin

34
Q

synthetic colloids (3)

A

dextrans
hetastarch
oxyglobin

35
Q

What is drug disposition?

A

study of movement of drugs in the body from the time of absorption until elimination= pharmacokinetics

36
Q

What are the 4 stages of drug disposition?

A

absorption
distribution
biotransformation (metabolism)
excretion

37
Q

Factors affecting disposition of drugs (7)

A 
Biological cell membranes
concentration gradient
pump mechanisms
site of administration
total body water
plasma protein binding
disease
38
Q

4 properties of cell membranes

A

phospholipid bilayer
membrane proteins & carbs
cell junctions
aqueous pores

39
Q

4 mechanisms of transport across cell membranes

A

passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
pinocytosis

40
Q

4 properties of passive diffusion

A

no ATP required
movement down concentration gradient
hydrostatic pressure differences across membranes
bulk flow of water can carry small water soluble substances

41
Q

3 mechanisms of passive diffusion

A

transmembrane
paracellular
simple diffusioni

42
Q

transmembrane mechanism of passive diffusion

A

movement by passive diffusion through aqueous protein channels

43
Q

paracellular mechanism of passive diffusion

A

movement vis filtration through intracellular aqueous pores

tissues that have barrier mechanism have tight intracellular junctions

44
Q

simple diffusion mechanism of passive diffusion

A

movement through lipid membrane (doesn’t require special channels)

45
Q

facilitated diffusion characteristics (4)

A

carrier-mediated transport
moves down concentration gradient
fast because of carrier
doesn’t require enerigy

46
Q

active transport characteristics (3)

A

carrier mediated transport
moves against concentration gradient
requires carrier and energy

47
Q

Two types of active transport

A

primary and secondary

48
Q

primary active transport example

A

Na+/K+ ATPase transport pump

49
Q

Secondary active transport example

A

Na+ dependent glucose transporter in renal tubes

50
Q

Pinocytosis definition

A

endocytosis where the cell engulfs the drug molecules dissolved in water

51
Q

Example of drug transport via pinocytosis

A

sequestration of aminioglycosideantibiotice (amikacin, gentamicin) in renal tubules
Aminoglycocides can cause renal damage and can act as toxins

52
Q

3 factors that affect simple diffusion

A

concentration gradient
lipid solubility
degree of drug ionization

53
Q

how does lipid solubility affect simple diffusion

A

lipid membrane limits diffusion

higher lipid solubility of the drug= faster crossing cell membranes

54
Q

how does the degree of ionization affect simple diffusion

A

non-ionized= cross membrane= more lipid soluble form

55
Q

degree of ionization depends on what three things?

A

pH of drug
pKa of drug
pH of environment in vivo

56
Q

what is pKa

A

the pH at which 50% of the drug is ionized and 50% is non-ionized

VP Exam 2 (10 decks)

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