Pharm

Question 1

Breed specific sensitivity (2)

Answer 1

collies- ivermectin

boxers-phenothiazines

Question 2

common weights of cats, labs, and horses

Answer 2

cat- 5kg
lab-30kg
horse-500kg

Question 3

idiosyncrasy

Answer 3

unpredictable, abnormal reaction

no previous exposure

Question 4

3 examples of idiosyncrasy

Answer 4

enrofloxacin- retinal damage in cats
griseofulvin- liver damage in cats
captopril- renal damage in dogs

Question 5

hypersensitivity

Answer 5

drug allergy

prior exposure is necessary

Question 6

Disease factors 3 examples

Answer 6

liver disease- decreases drug metabolism
kidney disease- decreases renal excretion
congestive heart failure- decreases renal excretion

Question 7

tolerance

Answer 7

unusual resistance to ordinary dose of the drug

Question 8

two types of acquired tolerance

Answer 8

enzyme induction- increases metabolic rate

tachyphylaxis- acute (24 hours)

Question 9

Age related factors- newborn

Answer 9

decreased matabolism, excretion, plasma protein binding, blood brain barrier
increased- total body water

Question 10

what are newborns susceptible to? (3)

Answer 10

tetracylines- teeth and bone
fluoroquinolones- cartilage
glucocorticoids- growth inhibition

Question 11

Age related factors- geriatric

Answer 11

decreased- metabolic enzymes, hepatic blood lfow, renal function, cardiac putput, total body water, plasma protein, lean body mass
increased- body fat, distribution

Question 12

what are geriatrics susceptible to? (1)

Answer 12

chronic disease

Question 13

What are the four factors related to the drug?

Answer 13

route of administration: IV is faster than oral
timing: oral absorption faster before a meal
cumulation: more coming in than going out
drug-drug interactions

Question 14

Drug-drug interactions (4 types)

Answer 14

summation
potentiation
synergism
antagonism

Question 15

summation

Answer 15

sum of effects of two of the same drugs

Question 16

potentiation

Answer 16

2 different drugs with different actions, but they intensify the effects of each other.
the combined effect is greater than the sum of the drugs by themselves

Question 17

synergism

Answer 17

2 different drugs with the same action so they exaggerate the effects

Question 18

antagonism

Answer 18

decreases effect of other drug

Question 19

what are the three types of antagonism

Answer 19

chemical
physological
pharmacological

Question 20

what are the two mechanisms of drug-drug interaction

Answer 20

pharmacodynamic

pharmacokinetic

Question 21

two types or pharmacokinetic mechanisms

Answer 21

biotransformation

excretion

Question 22

two types of biotransformation

Answer 22

enzyme inducers= phenobarbital may decrease effects of other drugs
enzyme inhibitors= chloramphenicol= increase effects of other drugs

Question 23

two types of excretion

Answer 23

urinary alkalinizers= sodium bicarbonate increase renal excretion of acidic drugs
urinary acidifiers= ammonium chloride increase renal excretion of basic drugs

Question 24

Body fluid distribution

Answer 24

total body water= 60%
intracellular fluid= 40%
extracellular fluid= 20%

Question 25

Extracellular fluid distribution

Answer 25

plasma= 5% interstitial fluid= 9% transcellular water= 1%

Question 26

extracellular ions (3)

Answer 26

sodium, chloride, bicarbonate

Question 27

intracellular ions (2)

Answer 27

potassium and phosphate

Question 28

three types of crystalloids

Answer 28

``` isotonic= replacement and resuscitation hypotonic= maintenance, replace intracellular space hypertonic= resuscitation fluids, treatment of specific disease states ```

Question 29

isontonic solution examples (4)

Answer 29

0.9% NaCL (saline) ringers solution lactated ringers solution sodium gluconate and acetate solution

Question 30

hypotonic solution examples (2)

Answer 30

2.5% and 5% dextrose | 1/2 saline (0.45% NaCl)

Question 31

Hypertonic solution examples (2)

Answer 31

7.5% saline | normal saline with dextrose

Question 32

two types of colloids solutions

Answer 32

natural or synthetic

Question 33

natural colloids (3)

Answer 33

whole blood plasma albumin

Question 34

synthetic colloids (3)

Answer 34

dextrans hetastarch oxyglobin

Question 35

What is drug disposition?

Answer 35

study of movement of drugs in the body from the time of absorption until elimination= pharmacokinetics

Question 36

What are the 4 stages of drug disposition?

Answer 36

absorption distribution biotransformation (metabolism) excretion

Question 37

Factors affecting disposition of drugs (7)

Answer 37

``` Biological cell membranes concentration gradient pump mechanisms site of administration total body water plasma protein binding disease ```

Question 38

4 properties of cell membranes

Answer 38

phospholipid bilayer membrane proteins & carbs cell junctions aqueous pores

Question 39

4 mechanisms of transport across cell membranes

Answer 39

passive diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport pinocytosis

Question 40

4 properties of passive diffusion

Answer 40

no ATP required movement down concentration gradient hydrostatic pressure differences across membranes bulk flow of water can carry small water soluble substances

Question 41

3 mechanisms of passive diffusion

Answer 41

transmembrane paracellular simple diffusioni

Question 42

transmembrane mechanism of passive diffusion

Answer 42

movement by passive diffusion through aqueous protein channels

Question 43

paracellular mechanism of passive diffusion

Answer 43

movement vis filtration through intracellular aqueous pores | tissues that have barrier mechanism have tight intracellular junctions

Question 44

simple diffusion mechanism of passive diffusion

Answer 44

movement through lipid membrane (doesn't require special channels)

Question 45

facilitated diffusion characteristics (4)

Answer 45

carrier-mediated transport moves down concentration gradient fast because of carrier doesn't require enerigy

Question 46

active transport characteristics (3)

Answer 46

carrier mediated transport moves against concentration gradient requires carrier and energy

Question 47

Two types of active transport

Answer 47

primary and secondary

Question 48

primary active transport example

Answer 48

Na+/K+ ATPase transport pump

Question 49

Secondary active transport example

Answer 49

Na+ dependent glucose transporter in renal tubes

Question 50

Pinocytosis definition

Answer 50

endocytosis where the cell engulfs the drug molecules dissolved in water

Question 51

Example of drug transport via pinocytosis

Answer 51

sequestration of aminioglycosideantibiotice (amikacin, gentamicin) in renal tubules Aminoglycocides can cause renal damage and can act as toxins

Question 52

3 factors that affect simple diffusion

Answer 52

concentration gradient lipid solubility degree of drug ionization

Question 53

how does lipid solubility affect simple diffusion

Answer 53

lipid membrane limits diffusion | higher lipid solubility of the drug= faster crossing cell membranes

Question 54

how does the degree of ionization affect simple diffusion

Answer 54

non-ionized= cross membrane= more lipid soluble form

Question 55

degree of ionization depends on what three things?

Answer 55

pH of drug pKa of drug pH of environment in vivo

Question 56

what is pKa

Answer 56

the pH at which 50% of the drug is ionized and 50% is non-ionized