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VP Exam 2 > Microbio Immunology > Flashcards

Microbio Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 things must a pathogen to in order to cause disease?

A
  1. gain access to the body
  2. attach to and/or enter cells of its host
  3. reproduce and avoid host’s immune system
  4. induce harmful changes in the host
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2
Q

immunity definition

A

the ability of the body to ward off disease through defense mechanisms.
ability to protect and prevent against microbes and their products, environmental agents (allergens and toxins) and malignant tumor formation

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3
Q

susceptibility definition

A

body’s vulnerability to diseases

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4
Q

Why understand immunology?

A

to diagnostic, treat, manage and prevent diseases

to research to optimize immune responses

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5
Q

what is the immune system?

A

a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from infection and other harmful substances

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6
Q

What are the three type of responses?

A

innate immune response
adaptive immune response
immune memory

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7
Q

Innate immune response

A

Defense mechanisms, present at birth
always present and available
occurs immediately, cells are always circulating
non-specific

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8
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

specific response to specific pathogens once they have breached innate immunity

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9
Q

Immune memory

A

follows adaptive response
highly specific to the original pathogen
retained for later use

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10
Q

Innate response vs adaptive response

A 
Innate= prevent entry and invasion
adaptive= remember the previous assault and protect when encountered again
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11
Q

how does the immune system prevent diseases?

A

prevent entry of pathogens
neutralize and remove pathogens after they have entered the body
destroy body’s cells that have changed due to an illness

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12
Q

What are the cellular components of the immune system? (3 cells)

A

bone marrow
myeloid cells
lymphoid cells

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13
Q

bone marrow

A

contains stem cells, precursors for all immune cells

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14
Q

what are the 6 myeloid cells?

A

eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages

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15
Q

what are the three lymphoid cells?

A

B cells, T cells, natural killer cells

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16
Q

What is the organ of the immune system?

A

thymus gland

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17
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

network of vessels and tissues composed of lymph (extracellular fluid) and lymphoid organs (lymph nodes)

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18
Q

primary lymphoid organs (2)

A

thymus

bone marrow

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19
Q

secondary lymphoid organs (3)

A

lymph node
spleen
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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20
Q

Immune response- first line of defense

A

innate and nonspecific
physical barriers, chemical barriers
skin and mucous membranes
normal microbiota

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21
Q

Immune response- second line of defense

A 
innate and nonspecific 
phagocytes
inflammation
fever
antimicrobial substances
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22
Q

what cells are phagocytes? (4)

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes/macrophages

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23
Q

What is a main characteristic of Leukocytes and there are they found?
What are the 5 types of cells in this category?

A

presence of granules in the cytoplasm

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

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24
Q

Which cells are involved in the innate immune system? (6)

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

monocytes/ dendritic cells/macrophages

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25
Q

characteristics of cells in the innate immune system (4)

A

ability to respond quickly and broadly, usually leads to inflammation
activates adaptive immunity
host defense
disorders in innate cell function may cause chronic susceptibility to infection

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26
Q

origin and development of all immune cells

A

come from precursors in the bone marrow

develop into mature cells in different parts of the body

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27
Q

What four cells are granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

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28
Q

Neutrophils

A

most abundant WBC, pus. respond quickly following tissue injury. hallmark of acute inflammation. phagocyte

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29
Q

eosinophils

A

main effecter cells in allergic responses and asthma. fights parasitic.helminth colonization. phagocyte

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30
Q

Basophils

A

least common, releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals

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31
Q

mast cells

A

key role in inflammation allergy and anaphylaxix

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32
Q

what two cells are agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

33
Q

lymphocytes

A

most involved in specific immunity T-cells, B-cells, natural killer cells

34
Q

Monocytes

A

circulate in the blood, leave blood and mature into macrophages in tissues

35
Q

5 examples of agranulocytes and their location in the body

A 
Tissue= histiocytes
Liver= kupffer cell
Skin= langerhan's cells and dendritic cells
Brain= microglia
Bone= osteoclast
36
Q

what are the five stages of phagocytosis

A 
chemotaxis
adherence
ingestion
digestion
elimination
37
Q

oposonization

A

process by which a microbe is marked for destruction by phagocytes

38
Q

Phagocytosis step 1- chemotaxis

A

chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms

39
Q

phagocytosis step 2- adherence

A

attachment of phagocytic membrane to microorganisms or foreign material
phagocyte receptors= troll like receptors (TLRs) and PAMP or DAMP molecules

40
Q

Phagocytosis step 3- ingestion

A

pseudopods engulf the organism and form a phagosome or phagocytic vehicle

41
Q

phagocytosis step 4- digestion

A

cytoplasm of phagosome fuses with a lysosome- phagolysosome

42
Q

phagocytosis step 5- elimination

A

residual body exits the cell. exocytosis

43
Q

Inflammation cause

A

second line of defense
canbe cuased by microbes, physical and chemical agents
host response to tissue damage

44
Q

inflammation purpose

A

to destroy the infectious agent, to confine it and repair or replace the damaged tissue

45
Q

inflammation signs

A

redness, pain, heat, swelling, loss of function

46
Q

fever

A

hypothalamus control body temp. products of microbes induce the release of cytokines

47
Q

complement

A

innate immune system. 30+ protein are activated as a cascade by pathogen or antigen/antibody reaction

48
Q

complement= action of proteins to destroy microbes. What are the three actions?

A
  1. enhance phagocytosis
  2. inflammation
  3. cytolysis (MAC)
49
Q

three complement pathways

A
  1. classic
  2. alternate
  3. lectin
50
Q

Membrane attack complex

A

c5-c9 undergoes polymerizaion.

punch a hole in pathogen’s membrane= cause cell to leak and die

51
Q

Interferon

A

a group of signaling proteins (cytokines) released by host cells in response to infeciton with pathogens like bacteria and viral particles

52
Q

Three types of interferons

A

alpha, beta, gamma

53
Q

iron binding proteins

A

bind iron tightly to make iron unavailable for microbial use, limiting growth

54
Q

4 iron binding proteins

A

transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin, hemoglobin

55
Q

adaptive immunity

A

third line of defense, specific. induced against a specific pathogen or molecule

56
Q

Two types of adaptive immunity response

A 
humoral- antibody mediated (B-cells)
cell mediated (T-cells)
57
Q

anamestic response

A

secondary reaction in adaptive immunity. a quicked and more intense response on subsequent exposure to the pathogen

58
Q

antigen

A

a substance or molecule that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it.
proteins or large polysaccharides, lipids or nucleic acids.
microbial or non-microbial

59
Q

epitopes

A

antigenic determinants.

a specific region of an antigen which interacts with an antibody

60
Q

hapten

A

low MW compounds which can’t induce an antibody response by itself. attaches to a carrier molecule to induce antibody response

61
Q

example of hapten

A

penicillin allergy

62
Q

antibody

A

proteins called immunoglobulins. produced during a humoral immune response by a B-cell (plasma cell)

63
Q

valence

A

number of antigen bonding sites in an antibody

64
Q

Types of immunoglobulins

A 
IgG= monomer, 60% of total serum antibody, can transfer placenta.
IgM= pentamer, first antibody produced.
IgA= dimer, located in secretions.
IgD= monomer,  located in B-cells
IgE= allergic reactions
65
Q

Two categories of adaptive immunity

A

Naturally or artificially acquired

66
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

antigens enter body naturally, body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

67
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

antibodies pass from mother to placenta

68
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

antigens are introduces in vaccines, body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

69
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

preformed antibodies in immune system are introduced by injection

70
Q

Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

cell surface molecules that play a major role in cell-mediated immune repsonses. bind to foreign antigens and present them to T-cells

71
Q

Characteristics of MHC (3)

A 
Polygenic= multiple genes are involved.
Codominant= expression is from both sets of inherited alleles.
polyphorphic= multiple variants of each
72
Q

classes of MHC (2)

A 
class 1= present in all nucleated cells (CD8)
Class 2= present only on antigen presenting cells (CD4)
73
Q

T-lymphocytes types (2)

A
  1. T-helper cells= CD4

2. T-cytotoxic cells= CD8

74
Q

CD4 and 8

A

CD= cluster differentiation

membrane-associated glycoproteins that serve as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor

75
Q

Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A

process and present antigens for recognition to T-cells

76
Q

what are the four APCs?

A

macrophages, B-cells, dendritic cells, langerhans cells

77
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

releases perforins and a proteolytic enzyme (granzymes) that kill the target cell

78
Q

Antibody Dependent Cell mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

A

killing of an antibody-coated target cell by a cytotoxic effector cell through a non-phagocytic process. release of content of cytotoxic granules

79
Q

cytokines

A

chemical messengers produced during immune response by the cells of immune system.
small cytokines involved in chemotaxis

VP Exam 2 (10 decks)

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