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Neuroanatomy > Vestibular System > Flashcards

Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 of the functions of the peripheral and central vestibular system that allow for maintenance of equilibrium?

A
  1. Estimates body position and movement.
  2. Postural control
  3. Control of eye movements
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2
Q

Where does the vestibular system project information to?

A

Sends projections throughout the cortex, brainstem, and cerebellum.

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3
Q

What are 2 other functions of the vestibular system that allow for maintenance of equilibrium?

A

Autonomic function and consciousness

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4
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of the peripheral vestibular system?

A
  1. Stabilize visual image on fovea of retina during head movement to allow for clear vision.
  2. Maintain postural stability, especially during movement of head.
  3. Provide information for spatial orientation.
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5
Q

What kind of information does the peripheral vestibular system relay?

A

Static and dynamic positions of head and neck.

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6
Q

What is included in the bony labyrinth?

A

Perilymphatic fluid and supportive connective tissue. (protective structures)

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7
Q

What are the components of the membranous labyrinth?

A
  1. Vestibule

2. 3 semicircular canals

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8
Q

Describe what is found within the vestibule.

A

Otolith organs

  • Utricle
  • Saccule
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9
Q

What are the 3 semicircular canals?

A
  1. Anterior semicircular canal
  2. Posterior semicircular canal
  3. Horizontal semicircular canal
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10
Q

What kind of information do otolith organs relay?

A

Information about linear acceleration/ deceleration of head/neck and static head position.

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11
Q

What type of motion does the utricle detect?

A

Movements in the horizontal plane.

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12
Q

What type of motion does saccule detect?

A

Movement in vertical plane.

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13
Q

What are sterocilia?

A

Motion receptors that transduce minute displacement into behaviorally relevant potentials.

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14
Q

Describe the general presentation of sterocilia.

A
  • Hair cells encased in gelatinous layer (macula)
  • Gravity dependent motion sensitivity
  • Has otoconia layered on top, which are calcium carbonate crystals.
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15
Q

What are the 2 sterocilia found within the otolith organ?

A

Kinocilium = tallest fiber; its position determines excitatory or inhibitory response.

Stereocilia = all other hair fibers

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16
Q

Describe if movement of the sterocilia towards or away from the kinicilium will be excitatory or inhibitory.

A

Movement of sterocilia towards kinocilium = excitatory

Movement of sterocilia away from kinocilium = inhibitory

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17
Q

What helps amplify the movement of the sterocilia?

A

The otoconia and its calcium carbonate crystals. It makes it heavier than the structures it overlays.

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18
Q

Describe what happens to the otolith organs during a forward or backward head tilt and with forward acceleration and deceleration.

A

Forward head tilt = tilt anteriorly

Backward head tilt = tilt posteriorly

Forward acceleration = posterior movement

Deceleration = Anterior movement

19
Q

What is the positioning of the utricle?

A

Positioned in the anterior and lateral planes.

20
Q

What is the positioning of the saccule?

A

Positioned in the superior and anterior planes.

21
Q

What type of movement does the semicircular canals relay info about?

A

Angular velocity of head.

22
Q

What encases the semicircular canals?

A

A bony labyrinth, filled with fluid called endolymph.

23
Q

Describe what happens within the semicircular canal to get an excitatory or inhibitory response.

A

Head rotation –> movement of endolymph in corresponding canal –> movement of hair cells in ampulla –> depolarization/hyperpolarization.

24
Q

Describe what an ampulla is.

A

Bulbous formation at the start or finish of each canal.

Contains cupula, which houses sterocilia.

25
Q

What kind of movement is the ampulla sensitive to?

A

Angular movements!

26
Q

Describe the positioning of the semicircular canals.

A

All positioned 90 degrees from one another.

Anterior and posterior canals = 45 degrees off midline

Horizontal canal = 30 degrees off horizontal plane

27
Q

Describe the pairing of the semicircular canals.

A

Anterior and posterior canals paired together.

Horizontal canals paired together.

28
Q

What is the function of the vestibulo-occular reflex (VOR)?

A

Three neuron arc that allows for image stabilization when the head is moving.

Results in eye movements that equally counter head movement.

29
Q

What makes up the central vestibular system?

A

Vestibular (internal reference) + visual somatosensory (external references) = central vestibular system.

30
Q

What are the functions and information relayed by vestibular nuclei?

A
  1. Eye movement control for gaze stability during movement (occulomotor)
  2. Postural control and movement (brainstem) = aid in maintaining muscle tone
  3. Spatial orientation (cortex)
  4. Autonomic nervous system control.
31
Q

What is the general function of the vestibular subnuclei?

A

Nuclei receive input from peripheral vestibular system, vision and somatosensory afferents.

32
Q

What are the 4 sets of subnuclei?

A
  1. Lateral (dieter’s) nucleus
  2. Medial nucleus
  3. Superior nucleus

Inferior nucleus

33
Q

What is the role of the lateral (Dieter’s) nucleus?

A
  • Outputs info to the cerebellum for feedback. - - Outputs to lateral vestibulospinal tract to facilitate extensors (posture; muscles of trunk and legs)
34
Q

What is the role of the medial nucleus?

A

Providesd descending output to muscles of head and neck via medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF; head position)

35
Q

What is the role of the superior nucleus?

A

Provides ascending output (via MLF) to oculomotor nuclei (CN 3, 6; VOR)

36
Q

What is the role of the inferior nucleus?

A
  • Outputs to the cerebellum (feedback)
  • Outputs to the reticular formation (arousal and ANS)
  • Outputs to the oculomotor nuclei (CN 3, 4, 6; VOR)
37
Q

Where does the lateral vestibulospinal tract travels and what information does it carry?

A

Travels to the thoracic spinal cord to extensor muscles to relay information about:

  • Head and body position in space
  • Walking upright
  • Righting and equilibrium reactions.
38
Q

Where does the medial vestibulospinal tract

travel and what information does it carry?

A

Travels to the cervical spinal cord to extensor musculature to relay info about:

  • Head movements
  • Integrating head and eye movements.
39
Q

What is the vestibulocerebellum in charge of?

A

Responsible for postural and gaze stabilization:

  • modulates VOR
  • provides and receives feedback from postural muscles on balance and equilibrium.
40
Q

Is there a primary vestibular cortex?

A

Heckin no!

41
Q

Where is the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC) found and what information does it recieve?

A

Found at junction of parietal and insular lobe.

Receives input from the cerebellum and vestibular nuclei via the thalamus (visual, somatosensory and vestibular integration)

42
Q

What is an optokinetic nystagmus?

A

Quick back and forth movement of the eyes.

43
Q

What kind of information is integrated and perceived in the medial superior temporal region

A
  • visual vestibular integration

- self motion perception

44
Q

What kind of information is integrated in the ventral intraparietal region?

A
  • Spatial orientation

- Proprioception, auditory, visual, tactile, vestibular integration

Neuroanatomy (18 decks)

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