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Body Systems > Vessels and anatomical terminology > Flashcards

Vessels and anatomical terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What layers does capillary have?

A

One layer of endothelium layer

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2
Q

What are the three layers that arteries and veins have, and the order?

A

From lumen outwards:
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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3
Q

What can be present in the Tunica intima?

A 
Endothelium layer
Basal lamina (matrix secreted by endothelium)
Subendothelial connective tissue
Internal elastic membrane
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4
Q

What is the difference between artery and vein in the Tunica intima?

A

Endothelum in artery is rippled due to vessel constriction whereas in the vein it is smooth.
There is internal elastic membrane in the artery but not in the vein

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5
Q

What is the difference in the Tunica media between artery and the veins.

A

Artery- Tunica media = thick, smooth muscle cells, elastic fibres and external elastic membrane
Vein- Thin, smooth muscle and collagen fibres. No external elastic fibre

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6
Q

Where is the external fibre found?

A

Between the Tunica media and Tunica externa

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7
Q

What can the Tunica externa also be called?

A

Tunica adventitia

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8
Q

What is the Tunica externa?

A

The outer layer. Is connective tissue that merges with adjacent tissue. Can have vaso vasorum, a network of blood vessels to supply the cells.

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9
Q

What is the difference of Tunica Externa in artery and veins?

A

Artery- Collagen and elastic fibres

Vein - Collagen, elastic fibres and smooth muscle cells.

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10
Q

In veins what is thicker? Tunica media or Tunica externa?

A

Tunica externa

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11
Q

What is the function of smooth muscles?

A

Can increase or decrease the blood pressure

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12
Q

What is the function of elastic tissue?

A

To maintain the blood pressure

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13
Q

What is the appearance of arteries?

A

Round and relatively thick wall

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14
Q

What is the appearance of veins?

A

Collapsed with relatively thin wall

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15
Q

How do arteries increase blood pressure?

A

Vasoconstriction, so smooth muscles contract.

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16
Q

Name three different types of arteries.

A

Muscular, distributing arteries,
Arterioles/ resistance
Elastic/conducting arteries

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17
Q

Give examples of Elastic/conducting arteries

A

Pulmonary trunk and aorta

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18
Q

What is the pulmonary trunk?

A

Coming from the right ventricle is branches into left and right pulmonary arteries.

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19
Q

What is the diameter of elastic artery?

A

2.5 cm

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20
Q

Describe the tunica media in elastic artery?

A

High density of elastic fibres and few smooth muscle cells.

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21
Q

Where are muscular arteries found?

A

Distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs.

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22
Q

What is the lumen of muscular arteries?

A

0.5 mm- 4mm

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23
Q

What are pressure points?

A

Muscular arteries where the artery is pressed against bones and can reduce blood flow

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24
Q

Describe the tunica media in Muscular arteries

A

Thick. More smooth muscles than elastic fibres

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25
Q

Describe the tunica externa in Muscular arteries

A

Thick. Two elastic laminae. Internal and external

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26
Q

What is the diameter of arterioles

A

30 micro m.

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27
Q

Describe the tunica media in arterioles.

A

(bigger )Two layers of smooth layers. (smaller) scattered smooth muscle cells.

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28
Q

Describe tunica externa in arterioles

A

Poorly defined

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29
Q

Where are capillaries found?

A

Spread through connective tissue, beneath basement of epithelia

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30
Q

Name three types of capillaries

A

Continuous, fenestrated and Sinusoidal.

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31
Q

Describe Continuous capillaries

A

Majority. Interstitial fluid moves out. Diameter can be formed of one endothelial cell.

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32
Q

Describe Fenestrated capillaries

A

Rapid exchange of plasma and interstitial fluid because contain pores. Found in the kidneys, brain and endocrine glands

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33
Q

Describe Sinusoidal capillaries

A

Similar to fenestrated but flattened and irregular shaped. Thin or absent basement membrane. Pores so proteins can be exchanged. Found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen and endocrine glands

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34
Q

What is a capillary bed?

A

A network of capillaries. A single arteriole gives rise to dozens of capillaries, which returns to a venules

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35
Q

What are precapillary sphincters?

A

Guard and control the flow of blood into the capillary.

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36
Q

Name a direct route through the capillary bed.

A

Goes from arteriole, metarteriole, thoroughfare channel and to venule.

37
Q

Name the route where the blood may bypass the capillary bed

A

Through arteriovenous anastomoses

38
Q

What is an anastomoses?

A

A direct connection between two blood vessels. Either between to arteries, between two veins, or between an artery and vein.

39
Q

How are veins classified?

A

Based on their size

40
Q

Name the four type of veins

A

Venules, small sized veins, medium and large sized

41
Q

What is the diameter of a venule?

A

20 micro meter. Is the smallest venous. Smaller than 50 micro meter have no tunica media

42
Q

What is the diameter of a small sized vein?

A

Less than 2mm

43
Q

What is the diameter of a medium sized vein?

A

2-9mm . Thin tunica media, thicker tunica externa

44
Q

What is the diameter of a large sized vein?

A

9mm.

45
Q

What are example of large size vein?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

46
Q

What are valves made of?

A

Fold of tunica intima, and point towards blood flow.

47
Q

What type of vessels have the most amount of blood?

A

The venous contains 65%

48
Q

What is the anatomical position

A

Facing forward, thumbs pointing outwards.

49
Q

What does anterior mean?

A

In front of

50
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Above

51
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Closer to the midline

52
Q

What does posterior mean?

A

Behind of

53
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

Below

54
Q

What does ventral mean?

A

In front of

55
Q

What does dorsal mean?

A

Behind of

56
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Further from the midline of the body

57
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Further from the body

58
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Closer to the body

59
Q

Whats is the frontal/coronal plane

A

Slicing the body from shoulder to shoulder, into front half and back half.

60
Q

What is the horizontal/transverse plane?

A

Slicing the body horizontally into top half and bottom half.

61
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Slicing the body into the right and left side, down the middle.

62
Q

What is the systemic circulation?

A

Blood from the heart to the body and back. From aorta and back from vena cava

63
Q

What is cephalic?

A

Head

64
Q

What is jugular?

A

neck

65
Q

What is brachium?

A

Arm

66
Q

What is popliteal fossa?

A

Back of the knee

67
Q

What is axillary fossa?

A

The arm pit

68
Q

Name the vessels coming from the aortic arch

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, Left common carotid and left subclavian

69
Q

Where does the aortic arch supply?

A

The upper limbs

70
Q

What artery supplies the upper right side of the body?

A

Brachiocephalic, which bifurcates into right common carotid (goes up), and right subclavian (arm).

71
Q

How does the subclavian bifurcate?

A

At the elbow into the radial and ulnar

72
Q

Where does the descending aorta go?

A

From the thoracic to the abdominal aorta branching at the pelvis into left and right common iliac

73
Q

How does each common iliac branch?

A

Into external and internal iliac.

74
Q

Where does the internal iliac go?

A

To the pelvis

75
Q

Where does the external iliac go?

A

To the lower limb into the right and left femoral artery

76
Q

How does each femoral artery branch?

A

At the knee into anterior and posterior tibia.

77
Q

Describe the lower limb venous system.

A

Same as the arterial, but enters the heart through the inferior vena cava.

78
Q

Describe the upper limb venous system.

A

From the head: Internal and external jugular.
From the arm: radial and ulnar go to brachial which goes to subclavian and then meet at the brachiocephalic.
The internal jugular joins the right brachiocephalic. The external joins the left subclavian vein. Both the brachiocephalic then join into the superior vena cava.

79
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

Blood from heart to lungs and back only. From pulmonary artery to the pulmonary vein.

80
Q

What is the portal circulation?

A

Blood draining from one capillary bed into a second bed through a vein

81
Q

What is the name of a portal system?

A

Hepatic portal system

82
Q

Where is the hepatic portal systems found?

A

Between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

83
Q

What is the lymphatic circulation?

A

A network of lymph vessels with fluid called lymph in it.

84
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic circulation?

A

Body’s defence mechanism and the drainage of interstitial fluid.

85
Q

Describe the flow of lymph in the lymphatic system

A

Enters through the lymph capillaries, then into lymph vessels. Then to nodes. Then to lymph trunks and then the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct.

86
Q

What is a node?

A

An organ which have lymphocytes and macrophages to check and trap foreign bodies.

87
Q

Where does the right side of the head, neck, thorax and upper limb drain their interstitial into?

A

Into the right lymphatic duct and then the right subclavian vein.

88
Q

Where does the rest of the bodies interstitial fluid drain into?

A

The thoracic duct and then the left subclavian vein

Body Systems (8 decks)

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