Surface Tissue, Muscle tissue and Connective tissues Flashcards
Cell
The functional unit of the body
Tissue
A collection of cells that perform a particular function
Organ
Multiple tissues that perform a particular function by working together
Histology
The study of anatomy at the cellular level (including tissues)
What are epithelial
Cover skin surfaces, lines tubes and blood vessels, and can form glands
What is a gland?
Structures that produce fluid secretions, that are attached to or derived from epithelia.
What are some characteristics from epithelia?
Attachment, regeneration, polarity, avascular and cellularity
What does epithelia cells attach to?
Basement membrane
What are the polarities of the epithelia cells?
Apical side - facing the lumen
Basal - facing the outside of the tube
What does avascular mean?
Have a lack of blood vessels so the nutrients must be diffused or absorbed across the surface
How are epithelial cells bound together?
Cells are bound together by cell junction
Name some purposes of epithelial cells
Provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialised secretions.
What does epithelial cells protect from?
Abrasion, dehydration, destruction from chemical and biological agents.
How are epithelial classified
Based on number of layers and shapes of the cell.
How many layers are in Simple
One layer
How many layers in Stratifies?
Two or more layers
Squamous shape is?
Flat and oval shaped nuclei
Cuboidol shape is?
Cube and round nuclei
Columnar shape is?
Rectangle with nuclei at the bottom of the base
What type is simple squamous and its functions?
One layer of flat cells. Well adapted for exchange of gas and nutrients.
Where is simple squamous found?
Blood vessels and alveoli
What type is Non-keratinised Stratified Squamous?
Has many layer with flat surface cells
Functions of Non-keratinised Stratified Squamous and where it is found.
Protection and a barrier. Found in the oesophagus and the oral cavity
What type of Keratinised Stratified Squamous
Many layers, flat surface and a layer of keratin at the top
Function of Keratinised Stratified Squamous and found
Keratin is waterproof and so is found in the skin
What type is simple cuboidal epithelium
One layer of square cells with round nuclei
Function of Simple Cuboidal epithelium and where is it found?
Secretion and absorption. Found in the glands and kidney tubules. Can have microvilli.
What type is Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cells?
One layer of cells but appears to be more than one because they are different heights and the nucleus are in different positions. All touch the basement membrane. Goblet cells produce mucus.
How do cilia and mucus work together?
Mucociliary escalator where the cilia moves the mucus along.
What are Intercellular Junction?
Specialised areas of the cell membrane that attaches a cell to another cell.
What type of intercellular junctions are there?
Tight junction, gap junction, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
Describe a Tight junction
Membrane proteins lock together which prevents water and solutes to move between the cells. Used i the digestive tract in the apical side.
Describe a gap junction?
Interlocking membrane proteins called connexons which hold the cells together. The connexons are channel proteins.
Describe a desmosome
Interconnected by cell adhesion molecules. and proteoglycans links (proteins and glucose). Very strong and resist stretching and twisting.
Describe Hemidesmosomes
Similar to desmosome but instead of cell to cell it attaches a cell to extracellular filaments in the basement layer. This anchors the cell.
What is connective tissue?
Supports and interconnects parts of the body.
What are the connective tissues composed of
Specialized cells, extracellular protein fibres and a fluid called ground substance.
What is the extracellular matrix?
Made of fibres and ground substances. Makes up most volume in the connective tissue.
What cells are found in the connective tissue
Fibroblasts, Fibrocytes, Adipocytes, Mesenchymal cell, Macrophage
What are Fibroblasts?
Cells that secrete hyaluronan and proteins for the ground surface
What are Fibrocytes?
Cells that maintain the tissue fibre
What are adipocytes
Fat cells
What are Mesenchymal cells?
Stem cells
What are Macrophage?
engulf damaged cells or pathogens.
What is connective tissue paper
Connective tissue with many types of cells.
What type of connective tissues are there.
Loose and Dense
What is Loose Areolar connective tissue?
Mainly made of ground substance. Has lots of fibres loosely arranged. It is found under the dermis layer and epithelial tissue.
What are dense connective tissue?
Occupied by lots of fibres, mainly collagen fibres
What type of dense tissues are there?
Dense irregular, and regular.
What do Dense irregular connective tissue have?
Little ground surface, fibroblast most dominant. Tissue can resist stretching
What does Dense regular contain?
Little ground surface, collagen fibres are parallel to each to other and densely packed. Lots of fibroblast. Found in the tendon and ligaments and aponeurosis.
What is muscle tissue
a specialised for contraction and produced movement.
What are the three types of muscle tissues?
Skeletal Muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.
What do all muscle tissues have?
Cells parallel to axis of contraction, lots of mitochondria and contracting elements.
Where are skeletal muscles found?
on bones, form sphincters in the digestive and urinay tract.
Describe smooth muscle
walls of blood vessels and around hallow organs. regenerate, contract themselves. Gap junctions.
Describe cardiac muscle
located only in the heart. Cells called cardiocyte.
Describe the cardiocyte?
Has a central nuclei or can have upto 5. Has connected regions called intercalated discs.
