Body fluids and transport Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
The study of structure
What is Physiology?
The study of function
What is knockout?
Removing a gene and see what phenotypic difference there is to discover what the gene does.
How much of the body is made of water?
60%, approximately 42L
What type of fluids are there?
Extracellular Fluid,
Intracellular fluid,
What type of extracellular fluid is there?
Interstitial, plasma and transcellular.
How many litres are extracellular fluid (ECF)?
17L
How many litres are transcellular fluid?
1L
How many litres are Interstitial fluid?
13L
How many litres are Blood plasma?
3L
What is transcellular fluid?
It is contained within epithelial cells. Its either secreted or excreted and has to cross a transcellular fluid.
What is interstitial fluid?
The fluid formed when blood plasma is filtered out of the blood capillaries. It surrounds the cells. E.g Tissue fluid
What is blood plasma?
A yellow liquid in the blood vessels.
What is in blood plasma?
Platelets, blood cells, hormones, CO2, proteins
How many litres in the intracellular fluid?
25L
Compare the ion concentrations in Extracellular and Intracellular
Extracellular fluid has high Na+, Cl- and low K+, Ca2+, organic ions and proteins. Intracellular has low Na+, low Cl- and very low Ca2+ and high K,+, organic ions- and protein.
What is the cell membrane?
A highly selectively permeable membrane. It is formed of phospholipid, where the hydrophobic fatty acids face inwards and the hydrophilic phosphate faces the outside
Which protein transporters passively transport molecules?
Protein channel and protein carriers.
Which protein transporters actively transport molecules?
Protein pump.
What can diffuse through the cell membrane?
Small, lipid soluble and non-polar molecules.
What is a Facilitator and what else can it be called?
A transport protein that can only transport one molecules at a time and in one direction.
Uniport
What is a Cotransporter and what else can it be called?
Can transport two types of molecules at the same time but only in the same time.
Symport
What conditions would the two molecules being transported need to have in Symport transportation.
The two molecule would need to balance each others charge.
What is an Exchanger and what else can it be called?
A transport protein that can transport two types of molecules in opposite directions. (They swap).
Antiport
What conditions would the two molecules being transported need to have in Antiport transportation.
The two molecules must have the same charge so when they swap the overall internal and external charge remains the same.
What are three of the reasons for Transport proteins?
1) To control the pH. Too acidic H+ out and Na+ in. Too alkaline HCO3- out and Cl- in
2) Control cell volume- ions and osmosis
3) To remove waste
4) To take up nutrients. (glucose)
Which protein trumps are the most important?
K+ and Na+ because they produce gradients for other proteins to work.
What charge is the cell relative to the outside and why?
Cell is negative in comparison to the outside. K+ ions move into cell and negatively charge organic ions can’t leave the cell.
How does interstitial fluid form?
There is the same concentration of ions outside and inside the capillary. But in the capillary there is greater Hydrostatic pressure so water and other ions are pushed out.
What is hydrostatic pressure?
The pressure exerted by the fluid.
How is interstitial fluid removed?
1) Into the capillary using the osmotic gradient.
2) In the lymphatic system
What is the Basolateral membrane
The outer epithelium lining of the intestine wall.
What is the Apical membrane?
Thin inner epithelium lining of the intestine wall. (facing the lumen and has microvilli)
How is glucose absorbed?
Na+ is pumped out of epithelium cell into the blood, decreasing concentration. Na+ can then move into epithelia cell from the lumen, bringing glucose with it. Glucose then diffuses into the blood. Water also moves into the cell
Why is water secreted into the small instestine?
Na+ and Cl- move into the epithelial cell from the Basolateral side (FD). This pulls a K+ in. Cl- then moves out into the lumen. This makes water move out of the cell.
How does Vibrio Cholera produce toxins?
toxins produced activate adenylyl cyclase, which keeps Cl- channels open. So more Cl- moves into lumen and more water moves.
What is Exocytosis?
A vesicle inside the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases the contents of the vesicle outside the cell.
What is Endocytosis?
When extracellular material is packaged into a vesicle. The vesicle is formed from the cell membrane and is pinched off to import it into the cell.
Which requires ATP exo or endocytosis?
Endocytosis. Need to put energy into breaking off.
What are the three ways molecules can be brought in by endocytosis?
Receptor-Mediated, Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis
What happens in Receptor-Mediated endocytosis?
The molecule binds to a receptor and the membrane sinks in to form a vesicle.
What happens in Pinocytosis?
The cell membrane sinks and the membrane is pinched off
What happens in Phagocytosis?
The cell membrane reaches out to enguld
What is a Lysosome?
A vesicle that contains lysozyme. A digestive enzyme that breaks down molecules
What type of Passive Transport is there?
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis.
What does there need to be for water to move?
An osmotic pressure
What happens if a cell is in a hypotonic solution
Water moves into cell. Hypo= less solute in solution.
What happens if a cell is in a hypertonic solution?
The water move out of the cell. As hypo = more solute in solution
Where does water move to?
Where there is more sugars .
