Vessels

Question 1

What are the three types of vessels?

Answer 1

Veins, arteries, and capillaries

Question 2

What are the three layers of the walls of veins and arteries?

Answer 2

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

Question 3

What are the similarities/ differences in the walls of veins and arteries?

Answer 3

Tunica intima= exact same
Tunica media= thicker in arteries
Tunica Externa= thicker in veins

Question 4

What is another name for the tunica externa and what is it’s function in veins and arteries?

Answer 4

Adventitia layer or the adventitia,

In the veins it it providing protection to the vein due to it’s smaller tunica medica.

Question 5

At the same level, which lumen will be bigger, the vein or the artery?

Answer 5

Vein

Question 6

Are there elastic structures in the veins?

Answer 6

No. Only in the arteries

Question 7

What is the vaso vasorum?

Answer 7

Blood vessels in the tunica externa of both the arteries and veins.

Question 8

What are venous valves?

Answer 8

One way valves only found in veins that open when blood goes up the vein, but close when blood falls due to low pressure inside the vein.

Question 9

Which layer of the blood vessel walls is continuous throughout the entire cardiovascular system?

Answer 9

The tunica intima

Question 10

What are the layers to the capillary walls?

Answer 10

Tunica intima- simple squamous epithelium
thing outer basement membrane
has very little connective tissue on the outside. used for adhering. does not effect gas diffusion.

Question 11

What are the types of arteries? Example?

Answer 11

Elastic arteries= largest lumens and lots of elastin (aorta brachiocephalic, left subclavian, left common carotid
Muscular arteries = thick tunica media. lots of smooth muscle here.
Arterioles=lead into capillaries

Question 12

How do arterioles regulate blood flow?

Answer 12

There is ALWAYS a bit of tone in the tunica media of the arterioles so that they can vasodialate or vasoconstrict.

Question 13

How wide are capillaries?

Answer 13

The diameter of the erythrocyte is larger. Erythrocytes need to squeeze in single file in order to enter.

Question 14

Why is it a good thing that eythrocytes enter 1 by 1?

Answer 14

Because it enhances contact of the erythrocytes with the capillary wall, which enhances exchange of gas and nutrients.

Question 15

Where do we find precapillary sphincters?

Answer 15

In the mesenteric vasculature

Question 16

What is the terminal arteriole?

Answer 16

The last arteriole before branching into capillary beds.

Question 17

What is the metarteriole and the thoroughfare channel?

Function?

Answer 17

Metarteriole travels right down the middle of the capillary bed and transitions into a venous looking structure called a thoroughfare channel.
-provides a vascular shunt: a way to get blood through without actually supplying the blood out into capillaries.

Question 18

What are precapillary sphincters?

Answer 18

used to close off blood flow to the capilalry beds so that bloods flows through the matarteriole and thoroughfare channel

Question 19

Where are precapilalry sphincters mainly found and where they are not found, what is used instead?

Answer 19

Mainly in the mesenteric gut vasculature. Used during exercise to send blood to more important organs like the heart.
-Arteriole constriction and vasodialtion regulated blood flow in other places.

Question 20

What are the four ways molecules pass into and out of capillaries? Where is the exception?

Answer 20

Diffusion- CO2; O2; simple diffusion
Fenestrations- holes
Intercellular clefts- a gap or space in the simple squamous epithelial cells
Pinocytosis
Blood Bran barrier= no fenestration, or clefts. completely tight junctions. glucose is ushered in.

Question 21

What are the three types of capillaries?

Answer 21

Continuous capillaries
fenestrated capillaries
sinusoid capillaries

Question 22

What are continuous capillaries?

Answer 22

least permeable, most abundant in the body. we see intercellular clefts here

Question 23

What are fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 23

has both large fenestrations and intercellular clefts.
found in places where there is active filtration or absorption.
Glomerulus of kidneys and small intestine.

Question 24

What are sinusoidal capillaries?

Answer 24

• most permeable
• rarest
• broken up basement membrane
• needed in places where we are passing large molecules and cells.
• found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen.

Question 25

What are the types of veins?

Answer 25

Smallest to largest

• Post-capillary venule
• venule
• veins

Question 26

Where are venous valves found?

Answer 26

In the limbs

Question 27

What kind of system are veins?

Answer 27

low pressure conduit system

Question 28

What is the skeletal muscle pump referring to?

Answer 28

Muscles when contracted squeeze the blood up in your veins. Like a tube of toothpaste. helps get the blood up to the heart.

Question 29

Why do people pass out when standing straight for too long?

Answer 29

Because the blood is pooling in their lower limbs since they are not contacting skeletal muscles down there. and if blood is pooling in their lower limbs then they do not have blood pumping up to their heart. then you pass out.

Question 30

Where are anastomoses more common?

Answer 30

In arteries
found in the brain and heart
found in areas where we have decreases of blood flow like joints, when you flex the elbow you are compressing all of the anterior vessels but you have vessels running on the posterior side as well.

Question 31

What are varicose veins?

Answer 31

the makeup of the wall and valves begin to deterioate making the vein floppy and causing the blood to fall back and pool causing the vein to stretch.
treatments: lift legs up in the air
wear compressive socks

Question 32

What are spider veins?

Answer 32

similar to varicose veins except smaller veins associated with the dermis and hypodermis

Question 33

What does the vertebral artery supply?

Answer 33

The back of the brain

Question 34

What does the external carotid artery supply?

Answer 34

The scalp

Question 35

Which artery is oftentimes used in bypass?

Answer 35

Internal thoracic artery

Question 36

Where does the subclavian artery pass?

Answer 36

Underneath your clavicle.

Question 37

When does the external carotid artery become the femoral artery?

Answer 37

Past the inguinal ligament.

Question 38

Explain the hepatic porteal system

Answer 38

Arteries enter into the stomach and intestine (gastric, superior, inferior mesenteric arteries) and then goes into capilaries, stuff gets exchanged goes into the the hepatic portal VEIN and those toxins absorbed in the stomach and intestines gets taken out in another capillary bed in the liver and then that blood goes out into the IVC via the hepatic veins.