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APK 21OOC EXAAM 4 > digestive > Flashcards

digestive Flashcards

1
Q

What region of the body is the appendix found?

A

right inguinal ((right illac region)

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2
Q

What region of the body is the bladder found?

A

hypogastric (pubic region)

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3
Q

What region of the body does the gallbladder sit?

A

right hypochondriac region

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4
Q

Where does the skeletal muscle stop in the alimentary canal?

A

About 2/3 of the way down the esophagus. The rest is smooth muscle.

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5
Q

What is propulsion?

A

Moving stuff from the front of the tube to the back of the tube

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6
Q

What are voluntary types of propulsion?

A

Swallowing

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7
Q

What are the involuntary movements of the GI tract?

A

Peristalsis and segmentation

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8
Q

Where does peristalsis occur in the GI tract?

A

in the entire GI tract

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9
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

continuous slow movement of substances in boluses that are going all the way down the tube.
-squeezes above bolus

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10
Q

What is segmentation?

A

squeezing above and below the boluses of food

  • mixes the contents together.
  • peristalsis keeps moving it down.
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11
Q

Where is segmentation important?

A

small intestine

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12
Q

What are the four layers of the alimentary canal?

A

Mucosal
submucosal
muscularis externa
serosa

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13
Q

Describe the mucosal layer

A
  • lining epithelium +lamina propria (ct)

- muscularis mucosa

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14
Q

What is the function of the muscularis mucosa?

A

dislodges stuff that is irritating the lining

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15
Q

Describe the submucosal layer

A
  • CT tissue. lots of vasulature and nervous tissue. glands are embedded here.
  • very elastic
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16
Q

Describe the musuclaris externa

A
  • most cases has two layers of smooth muscle but may have 3.
  • deep is the circularly arranged
  • above that is the longitudinally arranged.
  • responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
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17
Q

Describe the serosa

A

-visceral peritoneum

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18
Q

What lines most of the GI tract?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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19
Q

Glands embedded in the submucosa dump where?

A

In the lumen, the duct portion is continuous with the mucosal layer.

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20
Q

What tissue makes the serosa?

A

simple squamous

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21
Q

What is mesentery?

A

when the two sides of the serosa come together and form a double layer of simple squamous epithelium with vessels and nerves in the middle of it.

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22
Q

What are the differences between smooth muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells/cardiac muscle cells?

A

No striations, not multinucleate (nucleus is centrally placed)

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23
Q

What function like z-discs in the smooth muscle cells?

A

dense bodies

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24
Q

How do smooth muscle cells contract

A
  • intermediate filametns line up like a chain linked fence attaching to the dense bodies.
  • the contractile proteins slide along one another but in random directions causing a corkscrew type of contraction
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25
Q

What do the gap junctions do in smooth muscle cells in the GI tract?

A

Allow for electrical coupling. some cells may not be innervated but the adjacent cell may be allowing the cell next to it to contract as well.

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26
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity.

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27
Q

What are the two ventral mesenteries?

A

lesser omentum and the falciform ligament

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28
Q

What are the dorsal mesenteries?

A

the greater omentum - - hangs off of the greater curvature of the stomach, transverse mesocolon, mesentery proper (attached to the small intestine), sigmoid mesocolon.

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the ventral mesenteries

A

to attach these organs to the ventral body wall

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30
Q

Which organs have mesentery?

A

Stomach, ileum & jejunum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon

31
Q

Which mesentery is associated with the stomach?

A

greater and lesser omentum

32
Q

Which mesentery is associated with the liver

A

falciumform ligament, lesser omentum

33
Q

Which mesentery is associated with the ileum & jejunum

A

mesentery proper

34
Q

Which mesentery is associated with transverse colon

A

transverse mesocolon

35
Q

Which mesentery is associated with sigmoid colon

A

sigmoid mesocolon

36
Q

Which organs are not associated with mesentery

A

duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, pancreas

37
Q

What anchors your lips or labia to the gingivaee (gums)

A

the superior and inferior labial frenulums

38
Q

What anchors the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity?

A

LINGUAL FRENULUM

39
Q

Which ducts open right next to the lingual frenulum?

A

the submandibular ducts

40
Q

where are the sublingual ducts found?

A

along the sublingual fold inferior to the tongue next to the submandibular duct opening

41
Q

Where is the parotid gland and what is it?

A

by the ear

  • salivary gland that secretes enzymes with it.
  • duct cuts across cheek and opens around the second molar
42
Q

Describe the structure of the tongue

A

Has external and internal muscles
Internal muscles: change the shape of the tongue and are not attached to any bones, anchored to the external muscles
External muscles: are attached to bones of the skull and hyoid and change the tongues position
-work together to dodge your teeth while chewing.

43
Q

What is the function of the genioglossus muscle

A

Provides the tongue with tone so that it does not slide back into your throat.

44
Q

Are the bumps on your tongue taste buds?

A

no

45
Q

Describe the vallate papillae (cirucmvallate papillae)

A

Anterior to the terminal sulcus.

-has taste buds associated with it.

46
Q

Describe the fungiform papillae

A

taste buds are associated
on the anterior 2/3
look like little mushrooms

47
Q

describe the filiform papillae

A

no taste buds assocaited
function in making food move posteriorly
look like white bumps on the surface of the tongue

48
Q

Explain the muscular proces of swallowing

A
  • Suprahyoid muscle: contracts and pulls the larynx up causing the epiglottis to cover the opening of the larynx.
  • Pharyngeal contrcitor muscle: begins to squeeze pushing food into the esophagus
  • Infrahyoid muscle: pulls the larynx back to it’s original position.
49
Q

What are the layers of the esophagus

A

Mucosa: non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Submucosa: mucous glands
Muscularis externa: top 1/3 is skeletal muscle – then there is a transition of skeletal and smooth muscle. By 2/3 of the esophagus there is only smooth muscle (circular and longitudinal layer)
NO SEROSA

50
Q

What is the esophagus

A

collapsible tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach

51
Q

Where is there an abrupt change in the musocal lining of the alimentary canal?

A

Right at the cardiac sphincter the mucosal lining changed to simple columnar epithelium

52
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

Food is stored for about 4 hours and is churned to turns into chyme
first site of protein breakdown
widest part of the alimentary canal

53
Q

What are the muscles layers of the muscularis externa in the stomach?

A

Oblique, circular, longitudinal

54
Q

How is the cardiac sphincter/pyloric sphincter made and what is it’s purpose?

A

Thicker circular layer of the muscularis externa

-closes off the stomach so that none of the acid or chyme goes back up into the esophagus

55
Q

What are rugae?

A

non-permanent folds in the lining of the stomach. when the stomach is distended they disappear.

56
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

pits with ducts that lead to gastric glands that are multicellular exocrine glands that secrete chief cells and parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
-found in the mucosal layer.

57
Q

What do chief cells make? what do parietal cells make? what do they both make when combined?

A

pepsinogen; HCL; pepsin

58
Q

What is pepsin?

A

the enzyme that breaks down proteins

59
Q

What is the small intestine

A

Longest part of the alimentary canal and the site of the most enzymatic digestion

60
Q

Where do most digstive enzymes get secreted from?

A

The pancreas; acessory organ

61
Q

What are plicae circularis?

A

permanent circular folds in the small intestine (visible without microscope)

62
Q

what are haustra?

A

caused by tenia coliea (contracted longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa) causing bulges in the colon

63
Q

what are epiploic appendages?

A

sacs of fat hanging off of the tenia colae and no apparent function

64
Q

Is there serosa in the rectum? why

A

NO because it is retroperitoneal

65
Q

What are anal columns and anal sinuses?

A

ridges in the anal canal right before the pectinate line and anal sinuses are the gaps in between the ridges.

66
Q

What happens to the mucosal lining at the pectinate line?

A

there is a sharp transition between simple squamous epithelium to stratified squamous

67
Q

What do we call the part outside of the anal canal, past the pectinate line?

A

the anus

68
Q

What happens to the lining of the anus?

A

transitions from a non-keratinized stratified squamous to a keratinized stratified squamous

69
Q

What type of muscles are the internal and external anal sphincters?

A 
internal = smooth
external = skeletal
70
Q

What muscle controls whether or not the anus opens?

A

internal anal sphincter

71
Q

What is the levator ani muscle?

A

lifts the anus up and out a little bit to help with defacating
skeletal muscle

72
Q

What are hemmorhoidal veins?

A

all of the veins associated with the mucosal and submucocal layer of the anus and genital region

73
Q

What are hemmorhoids?

A

varicose veins in the anus. enlarged, very itchy.
Internal hemmorhoid: above the pectinate line (don’t feel them but bleed more)
External hemmorhoid: below the pectinate line, hurt more but don’t bleed as much.

74
Q

Why do we have goblet cells in the simple columnar epithelium of the colon?

A

because as you move more distal in the colon, water is being absorbed and the mucus serves a lubricating agent so that the feces does not damage the walls of the colon

APK 21OOC EXAAM 4 (6 decks)

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