Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APK 21OOC EXAAM 4 > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

general functions of the kidney

A

volume of blood
chemical consistency of blood
elimination of waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

around the 12th (floating) rib, superior lumbar region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some structures the kidney has to protect it?

A
  • no serous membrane but it has a fibrous-rubbery capsule
  • perirenal fat to help cushion it
  • renal fascia bands anterior and posterior of the kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two layers of the kidney deep to the fibrous outer capusle?

A 
the renal cortex (outside)
renal medulla (inside)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What composes the renal medulla?

A

renal pyramids and renal columns (protrusions of the renal cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a renal papilla?

A

the rounded tip of the renal pyramid and drains urine into a minor calyx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a minor calyx?

A

a tubular structure that allows renal papilla to drain urine into

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a major calxy?

A

multiple mino calyx coming together to drain urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What forms the renal pelvis?

A

multiple major calyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

all of the gaps within the region of renal hilum filled with fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what forms the ureter?

A

the renal pelvis transforms into the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three basic mechanisms of urine production?

A
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of the kidney?

A

the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the components of the nephron?

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what composes the renal corpuscle?

A
  • glomerulus

- bowman’s capusle (glomerular capsule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

special set of fenestrated capillaries

-blood comes in through the afferent arteriole and enters the capillaries and then leaves via the efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the bowman’s capsule turns into what?

A

the renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain how urine travels through the renal tubule?

A

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle (descending, ascending) distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The vast majority of our nephrons are what kind?

A

cortical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are cortical nephonrs?

A

renal corpscle is located high in the cortex and has a shorter loop of henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

renal corpuscle is located next to the renal medulla and has a longer loop of henle. very few in the kidneys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When is urine not touched anymore?

A

once it leaves the papillary duct and enters the minor calyx

23
Q

Why is the efferent vessel leaving the glomerulus an arteriole?

A

contains more muscle in the tunica media than a vein would and there is no gas exchange occuring in the glomerulus. only filtration.

24
Q

What happens to the efferent arteriole?

A

turns into the peritubular capilalries

25
Q

What is the difference in the peritubular capillaries of the juxtamedullary nephonrs and the coritcal nephonrs?

A

cortical has very convoluted peritubular capillaries.

juxtamedulalry nephonrs have very organized peritubular capillaries in the loop of henle called Vasa recta.

26
Q

What type of tissue makes the bowman’s capsule?

A

simple squamous epithelium

27
Q

What are podocytes and how are they formed?

A

The simple squamous epithelium making the bowman’s capsule starts to turn in onitself towards the base of the glomerulus and turns into podocytes.
-specialized type of epithelial cell that has lots of branches, that have branches that interdigitate.

28
Q

How is the tissue forming the podocytes and bowmans capsule similar to a serous membrane?

A

well they are continuous and one touches the organ and the other doesn’t.
parietal layer is the bowman’s capusle (glomerular capsule)
visceral layer is the podocytes

29
Q

When things get filtered out of the glomerulus where does it go?

A

into the glomerular capsule space and then gets funneled into the proximal convoluted tubules

30
Q

What type of tissue lines the proximal convoluted tubuele?

A

simple cuboidal

31
Q

What are filtration slits>

A

slits created by the interdigitation of the podocyte branches

32
Q

What is the purpose of the podocytes?

A

so that stuff doesnt just flow in. there needs to be some kind of a barrier.

33
Q

What is the filtration membrane?

A

similar to respiratory membrane.

  • capillary simple squamous layer with fenestrations and intercellular clefts
  • thin basement membrane
  • podocyte layer of specialized epithelial cells
34
Q

What are the differences in tissue between the proximal and distal renal tubules

A

Proximal- simple cuboidal epithelium with lots of microvilli to increase surface area and lots of mitochondria for active absorption of stuff out of the filtrate.
Distal: less mitochondria and microvilla because not as much of active absorption taking place. lots of protein receptors on the plasma membrane signaling what it needs to do “dump water, bring in potassium.” lots of regulated movement in the distal portion.

35
Q

As the loop of henle starts traveling north, and become the distal convoluted tubules, where does it cross?

A

crosses the efferent and afferent arterioles again.

36
Q

Describe the juxtaglomerulus apparatus

A

The point where the distal convoluted tubule comes in contact with arteriolar region of the nephron.
-plays a role in blood pressure and blood volume

37
Q

What are granular cells?

A
  • specialized smooth muscle cells
  • found mainly in the afferent arteriole.
  • secrete hormones that tell the rest of your body to adapt the blood pressure.
38
Q

What are macula densa?

A

specialized epithelial cells found in the distal convoluted tubules that communicate with granular cells to regulate what is going on with one another

39
Q

Where do the ureters starts to leave the kidneys?

A

around L2, pass anterioly over the ileo-sacral joint and external ilac arteries

40
Q

How does the urine flow down the ureters?

A

When urine enters the urteres there is a bit of a stretch and that stretch initiates a peristaltic wave to get it down to the bladder.

41
Q

Where do the ureters open up?

A

they travel down the backside of the bladder and open up on the inferior posterior side of the bladder.

42
Q

Where does the bladder sit?

A

posterior to the pubic symphysis and inferior to the periotoneal cavity. it is not retroperitoneal.

43
Q

What is the muscle of the urinary bladder called?

A

the detrusor muscle

44
Q

How come you can pee faster but the detrusor muscle is involuntary?

A

you are using your abdominal muscles to expel a force exteriorly pushing on the bladder to pee faster.

45
Q

What are the non-permanent folds of the bladder called?

A

rugae

46
Q

What is the trigone?

A
  • floor of the bladder
  • the two openings of the ureters
  • internal urethral orifice
47
Q

Where is the internal urethral sphincter?

A

-smooth muscle just outside of the internal urethral orifice.

48
Q

what is the urogenital diaphragm?

A

skeletal muscle that we contract in order to not pee.

49
Q

The sensation of wanting to go pee comes from?

A

the stretch of the bladder and the opening of the internal urethral sphincter

50
Q

In both males and females the external urethral sphincter is where?

A

at the level of the urogenital diaphragm.

51
Q

What are the areas urine has to pass through in the male urethra?

A

-internal urethral sphincter, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, external urethral sphincter, spongy urethra, external urethral orifice

52
Q

What is micturition?

A

the process of of elimination of waste in the body

53
Q

what has to happen in order to micturate?

A

we have to squeeze the wall of the bladder (smooth), we have to relax the internal urethral sphincte(smooth), relax the external urethral sphincter (skeletal)

APK 21OOC EXAAM 4 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions