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bio 340 > Vesicular Transport > Flashcards

Vesicular Transport Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is biosynthethic-secretory pathway?

A

synthesize and you secrete it to where it needs to go

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2
Q

when is endocytic pathway?

A

endocyotosis, bringing things from outside

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3
Q

what is retrieval pathway?

A

makes sure membrane comes back

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4
Q

cargo ____ with the next membrane to get to its destination

A

merges

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5
Q

are all these membrane compartments the same or distinguishable from each other

A

distinguishable

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6
Q

what are markers?

A

membranes that mark compartments to maintain their uniqueness (PI, phosphoinositides, phosphoglyercide lipid)

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7
Q

how do vesicles form?

A

vesicles bud off of one compartment and merge with the target compartment

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of coated vesicles?

A

clathrin, COPI, COPII.

coated with proteins on cytosolic side.

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9
Q

what is the function of the protein coat of vesicles?

A

molding of vesicles, concentrating proteins you need to pinch off into vesicle

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10
Q

what are clathrins?

A

transport of vesicles from plasma membrane/golgi to endosomes

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11
Q

what is COPII?

A

transport ER to Golgi (start trans-golgi)

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12
Q

what is COPI?

A

transport from golgi (start CIS-GOLGI) towards ER

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13
Q

clathrins are composed of _____ shapes and have what chains?

A

triskelion and 3 heavy chains and 3 light. slightly curved to make 3D shape

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14
Q

what composes the outer shell of COPII?

A

sec 13/31

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15
Q

how does a membrane cargo grab onto a vesicle and go?

A

it has a site that will bind to coat assembly mechanism

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16
Q

how does a soluble cargo grab onto a vesicle and go?

A

it cant interact with co-protein mechanism so it binds to cargo receptor. and receptor binds with adapter and co-proteins

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17
Q

when does coat assembly happens?

A

only when its neeed

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18
Q

what is coat assembly triggered by?

A

coat-recruitment GTPases

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19
Q

what are the 2 coat-recruitment GTPases?

A

SAR1: COPII at the ER
Arf: interacts with COPI and clathrin at the Golgi

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20
Q

what happens after SAR1 GTP binds to membrane?

A

it is a binding site for the inner coat of COPII (Sec24 and Sec23). Sec 13/31 assemble on top and pulls membrane away.

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21
Q

how do vesicles pinch off?

A

dynamin squeezes the neck of vesicle so membrane is pinched off from donor membrane

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22
Q

what happens if theres a dynamin mutation?

A

neck will get really long but it will not pinch off

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23
Q

what happens after vesicle is pinched off?

A

coat proteins dissociate. proteins are recycled

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24
Q

what protein does vesicle targeting?

A

Rab protein

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25
Q

how does Rab work?

A

Rab is on vesicle and binds to its specific Rab effector on target membrane.

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26
Q

what protein does vesicle membrane fusion?

A

SNARE

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27
Q

how does SNARE work?

A

SNARE on vesicle (v-SNARE) and SNARE on target membrane (t-SNARE) twist around each other and membranes merge

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28
Q

how are SNAREs recycled?

A

proteins unwind the SNARE for reuse

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29
Q

what kind of proteins go from ER to golgi?

A

transmembrane proteins, secreted proteins (insulin),

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30
Q

what coat protein is for ER to Golgi (cis-golgi)?

A

COPII

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31
Q

what are exit signals?

A

tell vesicles to go another part

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32
Q

only proteins that are ______ folded can exit the ER

A

properly

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33
Q

what is cystic fibrosis?

A

problems with misfolded chloride channel, cannot control fluid regulation. Chloride channel works but it never exits ER to reach cell surface

34
Q

what is homotypic fusion?

A

individual vesicles fuse with each other when travelling after shedding coat. same type of vesicles. requires SNAREs

35
Q

what is a vesicular tubular cluster?

A

cluster of the same vesicles

36
Q

how do vesicles move?

A

motor proteins move on microtubule (cytoskeleteon) don’t randomly bounce around

37
Q

what is retrieval transport?

A

some vesicles bud off from vesicular tubular cluster and head back to ER

38
Q

what are ER-resident proteins?

A

mechanisms that keep ER-resident proteins in the ER

39
Q

what happens is ER-resident protin escapes?

A

theres a ER-retrieval signal that binds to COPI coats

if its soluble, it uses KDEL

40
Q

what golgi is closest to the ER, where proteins go to first?

A

cis-golgi

41
Q

what golgi is farthest from ER?

A

trans-golgi

42
Q

what are scaffolding proteins?

A

proteins in betweens stacks of golgi. golgi knows how to stack themselves

43
Q

what types of proteins are glycosylated?

A

proteins to be secreted, for golgi, for plasma membrane, or lysosome

44
Q

what are the 2 types of glycosylation?

A

n-linked

o-linked

45
Q

what is n-linked glycosylation?

A

linked at amino group of protein. most common.

46
Q

what is o-linked glycosylation

A

linked at hydroxyl group of protein.

47
Q

what is the purpose of glycosylation?

A

recognize misfolded proteins through sugars. makes folding intermediates more soluble; hydrophobic areas (shielded), prevents aggregation
necessary for cell-cell adhesion
protection from harsh environments

48
Q

what are lectins?

A

bind to carbohydrates

49
Q

what is a glyco-code?

A

tells cell how long theyve been there. if its been there too long itll degrade

50
Q

as you go through the golgi different ____ occurs in each stack

A

glycosylation

51
Q

what is cisternal maturation model?

A

cis golgi network matures into the different stacks

52
Q

what is vesicle transport model?

A

vesicles pinching off from early golgi networks to later networks

53
Q

what is the lysosome used for?

A

degradation

54
Q

what is autophagy?

A

digesting damaged organelles

55
Q

what is in lysosome?

A

hydrolytic enzymes that control intracellular digestion of macromolecules. has H+ pump to keep inside acidic

56
Q

lysosomal membrane proteins are highly ______

A

glycosylated, harsh environment insides, needs protection

57
Q

what are acid hydrolases?

A

collection of enzymes that degrade different organelles. active in low pHs (nucleases, phosphatases, proteases)

58
Q

what happens when acid hydrolases get outside the cell?

A

nothing bc they only work in acidic environments like in the lysosome

59
Q

are there transport proteins on lysosome?

A

yes, needs to carry digested protein to cytosol

60
Q

lysosomes in plant and fungi are called?

A

vacuoles

61
Q

what is the function of vacuoles?

A

storage nutrients and waste products. degradation. can increase cell size. turgor pressure to keep plants upright

62
Q

how do lysosomal proteins get to the lysosome?

A

start in ER, go through golgi then end up in lysosome.
M6P added in golgi->binds to M6P receptor and clathrin coat is put on ->pinched off ->arrives in endosome -> dissociate at acidic pH and removal of phosphate

63
Q

what do proteins that need to be degraded have?

A

mannose 6-phosphate

64
Q

what causes lysosomal storage diseases?

A

lysosomal hydrolase mutations

65
Q

what are melancytes?

A

cells that hold skin color pigments stored in lysosomes (mellanosomes) and are released by exocytosis and pigment is taken up by keratinocytes

66
Q

what is albinism?

A

defect in melanosome exocytosis

67
Q

what pathways lead to lysosomes?

A

endocytosis, autophagy, phagocytosis

68
Q

what is encocytosis?

A

ingestion of fluid, molecules and particles from the outside of the cell. come in vesicle and end up in lysosome. occurs almost all the time but can also be triggered. uses clathrin coat.

69
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

taking something bigger taken in vesicle. done by specialized cells (macrophages and neutrophils)

70
Q

what is early endosomes?

A

where cargo is sorted (some recycled, some to late endosome)

71
Q

how does the late and early endosome differ in apperance?

A

early endosome has spiky projections, late endosome is a blob

72
Q

what are intralumernal vesicles?

A

vesicle within a vesicle. any membrane protein to be degraded internalized in endosome. to be completely in lysosome

73
Q

what is the track that leads from early to late endosome?

A

microtubules

74
Q

when does recycling occur?

A

early endosome, does not happen with late endosome

75
Q

what is endolysosome?

A

late endosome fuses with each other and lysosomes

76
Q

what is LDL?

A

deliver cholesterol inside cell. hydrophobic so cant dissolve in blood

77
Q

what is transcytosis?

A

Fc receptor binds to antibody and binds up on other side of membrane (usually polarize cells)

78
Q

what is macropinocytosis?

A

activation of signalling receptor causes cytoskeletal rearrangement . sends protrusion to wrap around segment to bring in. usually for immune cells that want to see what bacterial shits out there

79
Q

how does autophagy work?

A

vesicles form around it ->autophagosome. then merges with lysosome.

80
Q

how does phagocytosis work?

A

cytoskeleton rearrangement surrounds the bacteria

81
Q

what are 3 ways things are secreted out of the cell?

A
  1. signal-mediated diversion to lysosome (example:M6P- receptor)
  2. constitutive secretory pathway (pinches off from trans-golgi membrane and vesicles merges with plasma membrane, happens all the tim)
  3. signal-mediated diversion to secretory vesicles (for regulated secretion) (pinched off in secretory vesicle, held until a signal tells it to get out)
82
Q

secretory vesicles have to undergo _____

A

maturation, has more cargo

bio 340 (13 decks)

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