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bio 340 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the major phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, M

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2
Q

what is interphase?

A

everything that is not M phase

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3
Q

what are the phases of mitosis?

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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4
Q

what happens in a CDC mutant in yeast?

A

cannot exit mitosis/cytokinesis

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5
Q

why do we have to do temperature sensitive mutation for cell cycle?

A

see or not see the mutation.

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6
Q

cells are usually in the __ phase

A

G1

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7
Q

BrdU stains only __ phase cells

A

S

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8
Q

how does FAC sort cells?

A

separates them based on fluorescence

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9
Q

what is the start transition checkpoint?

A

checks to make sure if the cell is ready to divide

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10
Q

what is the G2/M transition checkpoint?

A

checking if environment is still favorable, is all DNA replicated? (did something happen after replication?)

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11
Q

what is metaphase-to-anaphase transition checkpoint?

A

are the chromosomes attached to to right spindle?

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12
Q

cell cycle control system depends on ___ and ____

A

Cdk (cyclin-dependent kinases) and cyclins

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13
Q

what are the 4 different types of cyclin?

A

G1 cyclin, G1/S cyclin, S cyclin, and M cyclin

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14
Q

what is G1 cyclin?

A

helps regulate G1/S cyclin

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15
Q

what is G1/S cyclin?

A

expressed during G1 phase, activates Cdk in late G1 and triggers “start” checkpoint

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16
Q

what is S cyclin?

A

expressed in late G1 and stays high until early M phase. binds to Cdk after start checkpoint and stimulates chromosome duplication

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17
Q

what is M cyclin?

A

expressed from late G2 to early M. stimulates entry into mitosis at G2/M checkpoint

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18
Q

what is CAK?

A

cdk activating kinase

phosphorylates t-loop on cdk+cyclin complex to fully activate it

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19
Q

what is wee1?

A

phosphorylates cdk to inactivate it (inhibitory phosphate)

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20
Q

what is Cdc25?

A

dephosphorylates wee1 phosphate to make Cdk active again

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21
Q

what is CKI?

A

Cdk inhibitory protein

binds to cyclin-Cdk complex to inhibit it

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22
Q

what is APC/C?

A

a ubiquitin ligase, degrades the other cyclins and the thing that holds chromosomes together, securin

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23
Q

what is securin?

A

inhibits chromosome separation

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24
Q

how does APC/C work?

A

inactive APC/C binds to Cdc20 and gets activated. this activates ubitiquitin and the polyubiqiotin chain binds to the Cdk to be degraded

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25
Q

what is pre-rc?

A

prereplicative complexes at replication orgins. gets phosphorylated by S-cdk to cause
degradation. after chromosome segregation APC/C degrades inhibtors of pre-RC and they will go backk on

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26
Q

sister chromatids are held together by

A

cohesions

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27
Q

what else is synthesized during S phase?

A

histones, S cyclin-Cdk stimulations histone transcription/tralsation.
needs double the amount bc 2 sister chromatids

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28
Q

what is prophase?

A

sister chromatids condense
centrosomes duplicate
mitotic spindle starts forming

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29
Q

what is promtaphase?

A

nuclear envelope is gone

chromosomes attached to spindle microtubules (at kinetochore)

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30
Q

what is metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up in the middle

kinetochore microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle

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31
Q

what is anaphase?

A

daughter chromosomes separate towards each spindle pole

spindle poles move away from each other

32
Q

what is telophase?

A

nuclear envelope reforms
chromosomes de-condense
beginnings of cytokinesis
contractile ring starts to form

33
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasm pinched into 2

34
Q

what are the 2 regulatory parts of m phase?

A
  1. M cyclin/Cdk- accumlates and activated G2/M checkpoint->permitted to enter M phase
  2. APC/C-mediates metaphase/anaphase transition
35
Q

describe activation of M cyclin-Cdk

A

cdk1 gets inactivated by m-cyclin
cdk-adtivating kinase phosphroylates activation site
wee1 phosphorylates the inhibitory phosphorlyation site ->complex is primed but still inactivated
phosphotase Cdc25 dephosphorylates wee1 site->active

36
Q

how is Cdc25 a positive feedback?

A

active M-Cdk phosphorylates Cdc25 further

37
Q

how is wee1 a positive feedback loop?

A

active M-Cdk inhibits wee1->cant put inhibitory phosphate on m-cdk

38
Q

what happens during chromosome condensation?

A

condensins (ring-like structures) can change coiling of DNA

39
Q

what happens during sister chromatid resolution?

A

accompanied by partial removal of cohesions

40
Q

what are astral microtubules?

A

contact cell cortex (outer plasma membrane)

help position spindle

41
Q

what are kinetochore microtubules?

A

make contact with chromosome at kinetochores

42
Q

what are interpolar microtubules

A

microtubules that interact with each other.

motor proteins help them slide past each other

43
Q

G1/S cyclin-Cdk initiates ______ duplication

A

centrosome

44
Q

what is kinesin-5?

A

has 2 motor domains on both ends. walk towards plus end. push spindle poles apart

45
Q

what is kinesin-14?

A

walks towards minus end, moves spindle poles

46
Q

what is kinesin-4 and 10?

A

associate with chromosome, walk towards plus end, moves chromoesomes away from spindle poles?

47
Q

what are dyein?

A

stuck to plasma membrane. walk towards minus end. moves spindle poles toward cell cortex

48
Q

how does nuclear envelope breakdown occur?

A

M cyclin-Cdk phosphorylates components of nuclear lamina and nuclear pore complex

49
Q

how do microtubule disseambly

A

lmoa

50
Q

what is search-and-capture model?

A

send out microtubules all over

51
Q

what is microtubule self-organizatin model?

A

chromosome have an ability to organize microtubules to polymerize around them

52
Q

what happens when you want to pull chromosome towards centrosome? (still for metaphase)

A

microtubule depolymerization

53
Q

what happens when you want to push chromosome towards center?

A

kinesin 4 and 10 motor proteins used

54
Q

you want two spindle poles on _______

A

each side of the sister chromatid

55
Q

what enzyme breaks down cohesions?

A

seperase

56
Q

what inhibits seperase?

A

securin

57
Q

how does APC/C and chromosome seperation work?

A

APC/C gets activated by Cdc20. this complex ubitquitylatinate and degrades securin

58
Q

what is anaphase A?

A

when chromosome separate and microtubule depolymerize at kinetochore

59
Q

what is anaphase B?

A

spindle poles start to move away. uses kinesin 5 and dynein

60
Q

what determine cleavage?

A

between spindle poles

61
Q

how is a cell wall formed?

A

vesicles containing polysaccharides and glycoproteins fuse

62
Q

what happens to mitochondria and chloroplast during organelle division?

A

double in number during cell cycle and divide evenly

63
Q

what happens to ER during organelle division?

A

remain intact and divides into 2 during cytokinesis

64
Q

what happens to Golgi during organelle division?

A

fragments during mitosis and associate with spindle poles and hitch a ride. golgi reforms from fragments

65
Q

Cdks are _____ in G1

A

inactive

66
Q

what does myostatin do?

A

makes sure you dont have too many muscle cells

67
Q

how does mitogen regulate cell cycle progression?

A

mitogen goes onto receptor and activates Ras protein then does map kinase kinase kinase shit and activate gene regulatory protein. immediate early gene expression and produces Myc. Myc turns on transcription for delayed-response gene expression like G1 cyclin

68
Q

what is Rb?

A

inhibitor of E2F

69
Q

what is E2F?

A

transcription factor for G1/S cyclin and S cyclin

70
Q

what happens when Rb is not working?

A

E2F will always be active, overproduction of G1/S and S cyclin.

71
Q

describe Rb pathway

A

active G1-Cdk phosphorylated Rb and now E2F is active to do transcription for G1/S and S cyclins

72
Q

describe DNA damage pathway

A

DNA gets damaged lmao
ATM/ATR kinase gets activated
kinases phosphorylates Chk1/Chk2 kinase->activation
kinases phosphorylates p53 and Mdm2 (ubiquitin ligase to mark p53 for degradation) can no longer work on it and p53 is active
active ps53 us a gene regulatory protein and turn on p21 gene
p21 is a Cdk inhibitor protein and stops g1/s cdk and s cdk
stops cell cycle

73
Q

what are telomeres?

A

protective caps on the ends of the chromosome.

74
Q

what happens every time you undergo cell cycle?

A

chromosome shortens every time the cell undergoes cell cycle and when it gets too short p53 gets activated

75
Q

what 2 cell types have telomeres?

A

germ and cancer

bio 340 (13 decks)

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