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Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, M

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2
Q

what is interphase?

A

everything that is not M phase

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3
Q

what are the phases of mitosis?

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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4
Q

what happens in a CDC mutant in yeast?

A

cannot exit mitosis/cytokinesis

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5
Q

why do we have to do temperature sensitive mutation for cell cycle?

A

see or not see the mutation.

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6
Q

cells are usually in the __ phase

A

G1

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7
Q

BrdU stains only __ phase cells

A

S

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8
Q

how does FAC sort cells?

A

separates them based on fluorescence

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9
Q

what is the start transition checkpoint?

A

checks to make sure if the cell is ready to divide

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10
Q

what is the G2/M transition checkpoint?

A

checking if environment is still favorable, is all DNA replicated? (did something happen after replication?)

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11
Q

what is metaphase-to-anaphase transition checkpoint?

A

are the chromosomes attached to to right spindle?

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12
Q

cell cycle control system depends on ___ and ____

A

Cdk (cyclin-dependent kinases) and cyclins

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13
Q

what are the 4 different types of cyclin?

A

G1 cyclin, G1/S cyclin, S cyclin, and M cyclin

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14
Q

what is G1 cyclin?

A

helps regulate G1/S cyclin

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15
Q

what is G1/S cyclin?

A

expressed during G1 phase, activates Cdk in late G1 and triggers “start” checkpoint

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16
Q

what is S cyclin?

A

expressed in late G1 and stays high until early M phase. binds to Cdk after start checkpoint and stimulates chromosome duplication

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17
Q

what is M cyclin?

A

expressed from late G2 to early M. stimulates entry into mitosis at G2/M checkpoint

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18
Q

what is CAK?

A

cdk activating kinase

phosphorylates t-loop on cdk+cyclin complex to fully activate it

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19
Q

what is wee1?

A

phosphorylates cdk to inactivate it (inhibitory phosphate)

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20
Q

what is Cdc25?

A

dephosphorylates wee1 phosphate to make Cdk active again

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21
Q

what is CKI?

A

Cdk inhibitory protein

binds to cyclin-Cdk complex to inhibit it

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22
Q

what is APC/C?

A

a ubiquitin ligase, degrades the other cyclins and the thing that holds chromosomes together, securin

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23
Q

what is securin?

A

inhibits chromosome separation

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24
Q

how does APC/C work?

A

inactive APC/C binds to Cdc20 and gets activated. this activates ubitiquitin and the polyubiqiotin chain binds to the Cdk to be degraded

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25
what is pre-rc?
prereplicative complexes at replication orgins. gets phosphorylated by S-cdk to cause degradation. after chromosome segregation APC/C degrades inhibtors of pre-RC and they will go backk on
26
sister chromatids are held together by
cohesions
27
what else is synthesized during S phase?
histones, S cyclin-Cdk stimulations histone transcription/tralsation. needs double the amount bc 2 sister chromatids
28
what is prophase?
sister chromatids condense centrosomes duplicate mitotic spindle starts forming
29
what is promtaphase?
nuclear envelope is gone | chromosomes attached to spindle microtubules (at kinetochore)
30
what is metaphase?
chromosomes line up in the middle | kinetochore microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle
31
what is anaphase?
daughter chromosomes separate towards each spindle pole | spindle poles move away from each other
32
what is telophase?
nuclear envelope reforms chromosomes de-condense beginnings of cytokinesis contractile ring starts to form
33
what is cytokinesis?
cytoplasm pinched into 2
34
what are the 2 regulatory parts of m phase?
1. M cyclin/Cdk- accumlates and activated G2/M checkpoint->permitted to enter M phase 2. APC/C-mediates metaphase/anaphase transition
35
describe activation of M cyclin-Cdk
cdk1 gets inactivated by m-cyclin cdk-adtivating kinase phosphroylates activation site wee1 phosphorylates the inhibitory phosphorlyation site ->complex is primed but still inactivated phosphotase Cdc25 dephosphorylates wee1 site->active
36
how is Cdc25 a positive feedback?
active M-Cdk phosphorylates Cdc25 further
37
how is wee1 a positive feedback loop?
active M-Cdk inhibits wee1->cant put inhibitory phosphate on m-cdk
38
what happens during chromosome condensation?
condensins (ring-like structures) can change coiling of DNA
39
what happens during sister chromatid resolution?
accompanied by partial removal of cohesions
40
what are astral microtubules?
contact cell cortex (outer plasma membrane) | help position spindle
41
what are kinetochore microtubules?
make contact with chromosome at kinetochores
42
what are interpolar microtubules
microtubules that interact with each other. | motor proteins help them slide past each other
43
G1/S cyclin-Cdk initiates ______ duplication
centrosome
44
what is kinesin-5?
has 2 motor domains on both ends. walk towards plus end. push spindle poles apart
45
what is kinesin-14?
walks towards minus end, moves spindle poles
46
what is kinesin-4 and 10?
associate with chromosome, walk towards plus end, moves chromoesomes away from spindle poles?
47
what are dyein?
stuck to plasma membrane. walk towards minus end. moves spindle poles toward cell cortex
48
how does nuclear envelope breakdown occur?
M cyclin-Cdk phosphorylates components of nuclear lamina and nuclear pore complex
49
how do microtubule disseambly
lmoa
50
what is search-and-capture model?
send out microtubules all over
51
what is microtubule self-organizatin model?
chromosome have an ability to organize microtubules to polymerize around them
52
what happens when you want to pull chromosome towards centrosome? (still for metaphase)
microtubule depolymerization
53
what happens when you want to push chromosome towards center?
kinesin 4 and 10 motor proteins used
54
you want two spindle poles on _______
each side of the sister chromatid
55
what enzyme breaks down cohesions?
seperase
56
what inhibits seperase?
securin
57
how does APC/C and chromosome seperation work?
APC/C gets activated by Cdc20. this complex ubitquitylatinate and degrades securin
58
what is anaphase A?
when chromosome separate and microtubule depolymerize at kinetochore
59
what is anaphase B?
spindle poles start to move away. uses kinesin 5 and dynein
60
what determine cleavage?
between spindle poles
61
how is a cell wall formed?
vesicles containing polysaccharides and glycoproteins fuse
62
what happens to mitochondria and chloroplast during organelle division?
double in number during cell cycle and divide evenly
63
what happens to ER during organelle division?
remain intact and divides into 2 during cytokinesis
64
what happens to Golgi during organelle division?
fragments during mitosis and associate with spindle poles and hitch a ride. golgi reforms from fragments
65
Cdks are _____ in G1
inactive
66
what does myostatin do?
makes sure you dont have too many muscle cells
67
how does mitogen regulate cell cycle progression?
mitogen goes onto receptor and activates Ras protein then does map kinase kinase kinase shit and activate gene regulatory protein. immediate early gene expression and produces Myc. Myc turns on transcription for delayed-response gene expression like G1 cyclin
68
what is Rb?
inhibitor of E2F
69
what is E2F?
transcription factor for G1/S cyclin and S cyclin
70
what happens when Rb is not working?
E2F will always be active, overproduction of G1/S and S cyclin.
71
describe Rb pathway
active G1-Cdk phosphorylated Rb and now E2F is active to do transcription for G1/S and S cyclins
72
describe DNA damage pathway
DNA gets damaged lmao ATM/ATR kinase gets activated kinases phosphorylates Chk1/Chk2 kinase->activation kinases phosphorylates p53 and Mdm2 (ubiquitin ligase to mark p53 for degradation) can no longer work on it and p53 is active active ps53 us a gene regulatory protein and turn on p21 gene p21 is a Cdk inhibitor protein and stops g1/s cdk and s cdk stops cell cycle
73
what are telomeres?
protective caps on the ends of the chromosome.
74
what happens every time you undergo cell cycle?
chromosome shortens every time the cell undergoes cell cycle and when it gets too short p53 gets activated
75
what 2 cell types have telomeres?
germ and cancer

bio 340 (13 decks)

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