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BIOL 204 > Vertebrate Skull > Flashcards

Vertebrate Skull Flashcards

1
Q

Chondrocranium

A

From neural crest cells and mesenchyme - cartilagenous or replacement bone

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2
Q

Occipitals

A

Bones at the back of chondrocranium, surrounding foramen magnum

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3
Q

Sphenoids

A

Side bones of chondrocranium, surrounding foramina

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4
Q

Ethmoid complex

A

Honeycomb like structures, warms and filters air during inhalation through mucous and blood vessels, helps body retain heat and moisture during exhalation

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5
Q

Foramina

A

Openings on the side of chondrocranium for cranial nerves

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6
Q

Mesethmoid

A

Dividing structure between ethmoid complexes

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7
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Larger opening surrounded by occiptals in chondrocranium where the spinal cord exits the skull

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8
Q

Ethmoid complex synonym

A

Turbinals

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9
Q

Splanchnocranium

A

Seven branchial arches and all its variations, including jaws, middle ear bones, hyoid apparati. Made of cartilage or replacement one. Embryonic origins of neural crest cells.

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10
Q

Palatoquadrate

A

Splanchnocranium, modified mandibular arch, top “jaw”

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11
Q

Meckel’s cartilage

A

Splanchnocranium, modified mandibular arch, lower “jaw”

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12
Q

Quadrate

A

Reducted palatoquadrate, articulates with articular bone

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13
Q

Articular

A

Reduced ossified Meckel’s cartilage, articulates with quadrate

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14
Q

Dermatocranium

A

Dermal bone, only in teleostomi, covers the dorsal side and encases much of the splanchno- and chondrocranium

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15
Q

Hyomandibula

A

Splanchnocranium, modified hyoid arch, often for jaw suspension

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16
Q

Paleostyly

A

No jaws - agnathans. All seven arches are gill arches

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17
Q

Autostyly

A

Mandibular arch: palatoquadrate and Meckle’s, fused to chondrocranium
Hyoid arch: gill arch
Branchial arches: gill arhces

In holocephali and dipnoi

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18
Q

Amphistyly

A

P&MC attached by ligaments
Hyomandibula attached by ligaments
Others: gill arches

Extinct now, doesn’t exist any more

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19
Q

Hyostyly

A

Sharks

P&MC positioned by optic pegs
Hyomandibula forms swining bridge
Highly mobile

20
Q

Modified Hyostyly

A

Most actinopterygii (teleost) fish

Quadrate and articular remain
Hyomandibula forms swining bridge, suspended also by sympletic

Highly highly kinetic, lots of joints and ligaments

21
Q

Metautostyly

A

Amphibians, sauropsids

Q&A
Quadrate suspends lower jaw
Hyoid arch = middle ear columella

22
Q

Craniostylic

A

Splanchnocranium all in middle ear

Jaw hinge is squamosal (top) and dentary (bottom)

23
Q

Zygomatic arch

A

Bony feature at the side of the skull, forms from fusion of jugal and squamosal arch

24
Q

Groups of the dermatocranium (6)

A

1) Facial (jaw, nose)
2) Orbital (eyes)
3) Temporal (behind orbit, posterior)
4) Vault (roof of skull)
5) Palatal (roof of mouth)
6) Mandibular (lower jaw)

25
Q

Premaxillla

A

front of mouth bone

26
Q

Maxilla

A

sides of mouth bone, fuses to form secondary palate

27
Q

Nasal

A

nasal bone

28
Q

Frontal

A

between eyes bone

29
Q

lacrimal

A

immeidately before eyes bone

30
Q

Jugal

A

side of eyes bone

31
Q

Squamosal

A

bottom, under eyes-ish bone

32
Q

Parietal

A

Up, top, back bone

33
Q

Dentary

A

lower jaw bone

34
Q

Fused dentaries is called

A

Mandible (fused at mandibular symphysis)

35
Q

Sagittal crest

A

For chompy muscle attachment

36
Q

Pleurodont

A

Fused to inside of jaw. Lizards and frogs. Polyphyodont

37
Q

Acrodont

A

Fused to outside of jaw. Sharks. Continually replaced (polyphyodont)

38
Q

Thecodont

A

rooted teeth. Us. Not polyphyodont

39
Q

Isodont/homodont

A

Non-differentiated teeth

40
Q

Heterodont

A

differentiated teeth

41
Q

Incisors

A

Cutting into teeth

42
Q

Canines

A

Rippy teeth

43
Q

Molars

A

Grindy teeth

44
Q

Diastema

A

Herbivore gap

45
Q

Carnassials

A

Scissor teeth

46
Q

Nuchal crest

A

Support muscles (back, occiptal)

BIOL 204 (5 decks)

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