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BIOL 204 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Homologous

A

Arises from the same evolutionary path, from a common ancestor

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2
Q

Analogous

A

Arises from convergent evolution, a structure that performs the same function in two different organisms

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3
Q

Homoplastic

A

Two structures that look similar

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4
Q

Cleavage

A

Rapid cell division - no growth between division - until a solid ball of cells form called a morula. First step in embryo development.

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5
Q

Blastula formation

A

Formation of a blastula. Second step in embryo development.

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6
Q

Blastula

A

Hollow ball of cells (means “bud”)

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7
Q

Blastocoel

A

The empty space within a blastula. Round and even in microlecithal organisms, slightly squished in mesolecithal ones, flattened in macrolecithals.

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8
Q

Gastrulation

A

Rearrangement of cells within embryo, with outside migrating inside and differentiation of the three germ layers

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9
Q

Blastopore

A

The hole formed in blastula (the first hole), through which ectoderm cells migrate to the inside of the cell to form the endoderm.

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10
Q

Morula

A

Solid ball of cells formed from cleavage. Means “little berry”

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11
Q

Protostome

A

An organism where the blastopore becomes its mouth

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12
Q

Deuterostome

A

An organism where the blastopore becomes its butt-hole

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13
Q

Archenteron

A

“First gut”, becomes the gut lumen, formed as ectoderm migrates in the blastopore to form the endoderm, squishes up the blastocoel until the blastocoel disappears

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14
Q

Mesoderm

A

“Middle skin” - middle layer of embryonic cells

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15
Q

Ectoderm

A

“Outer skin” - outside layer of embryonic cells

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16
Q

Endoderm

A

“Inside skin” - inner layer of embryonic cells

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17
Q

Yolk plug

A

The slow division and movement of large yolk-filled cells in mesolecithal organisms create a “plug”-like structure as gastrulation occurs

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18
Q

Vegetal pole

A

In mesolecithals, the yolk-laden, slightly fatter end of the embryo

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19
Q

Animal pole

A

In mesolecithals, the smaller, pointer end of the embryo

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20
Q

Embryonic origin of notochord

A

Mesoderm

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21
Q

Neurulation

A

Formation of neural tube. Neural plate ectoderm sinks down and forms a neural groove surrounded by neural folds. The folds then come together to form a neural tube. Anterior end of neural tube swells to become brain

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22
Q

Neural plate ectoderm location?

A

Dorsal side of ectoderm

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23
Q

Neural crest cells origin

A

Neural plate ectoderm – forms off of neural folds, highly mobile cells

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24
Q

Which end of the neural tube swells to become the brain?

A

Anterior (front)

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25
Q

Embryonic origin of brain

A

Neural tube, from neural plate ectoderm

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26
Q

Embryonic origin of epidermis

A

Somatic ectoderm

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27
Q

Embryonic origin of (anterior) mouth

A

Somatic ectoderm

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28
Q

Embryonic origin of olfactory organs

A

Somatic ectoderm

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29
Q

Embryonic origin of cloacal opening

A

Somatic ectoderm

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30
Q

Embryonic origin of anterior pituatary

A

Somatic ectoderm

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31
Q

Embryonic origin of splanchnocranium

A

Neural crest ectoderm

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32
Q

Embryonic origin of peripheral nervous system

A

Neural crest ectoderm

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33
Q

Embryonic origin of teeth (in part)

A

Neural crest ectoderm

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34
Q

Embryonic origin of cranial muscles

A

Neural crest ectoderm

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35
Q

Embryonic origin of some chondrocranium

A

Neural crest ectoderm

36
Q

Embryonic origin of brain

A

Neural plate ectoderm

37
Q

Embryonic origin of spine

A

Neural plate ectoderm

38
Q

Embryonic origin of cranial/spinal motor nerves

A

Neural plate ectoderm

39
Q

Embryonic origin of posterior pituatary

A

Neural plate ectoderm

40
Q

Embryonic origin of anterior pituatary

A

Somatic ectoderm

41
Q

Three types of ectoderm

A

Somatic, neural crest, neural plate

42
Q

Embryonic origin of gut lining

A

Archenteron, endoderm

43
Q

Embryonic origin of liver, gallbladder, pancreas

A

Endoderm

44
Q

Embryonic origin of mouth (posterior)

A

Endoderm

45
Q

Embryonic origin of urinary bladder

A

Endoderm

46
Q

Embryonic origin of respiratory tract (including lungs)

A

Endoderm

47
Q

Cloaca

A

Endoderm

48
Q

Mesoderm germ layers

A

Epimere, mesomere, hypomere

49
Q

Embryonic origin of nephric and reproductive ducts

A

Mesomere mesoderm

50
Q

Epimere layers

A

Dermatome, scleratome, myotome

51
Q

Embryonic origin of dermis

A

Dermatome epimere mesoderm

52
Q

Embryonic origin of vertebra column and ribs

A

Scleratome epimere mesoderm

53
Q

Embryonic origin of limb and axial muscles

A

Myotome epimere mesoderm

54
Q

Embryonic origin of kidney

A

Mesomere mesoderm

55
Q

Embryonic origin of limb skeleton

A

Somatic hypomere mesoderm

56
Q

Parts of the hypomere

A

Somatic, splanchnic, coelom

57
Q

Coelom forms the …

A

… body cavity

58
Q

Embryonic origin of the heart

A

Splanchnic hypomere mesoderm

59
Q

Embryonic origin of smooth muscle in digestive tract

A

Splanchnic hypomere mesoderm

60
Q

Embryonic origin of the gonads

A

Somatic hypomere mesoderm

61
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Mobile mesoderm cells

62
Q

Microlecithal

A

Little yolk

63
Q

Mesolecithal

A

Medium yolk

64
Q

Macrolecithal

A

Lots o’ yolk

65
Q

Epiblast

A

A layer of cells above the yolk, all cells differentiate from here in macrolecithals

66
Q

Hypoblast

A

Scaffolding formed on the yolk, will eventually be lost during development

67
Q

Koller’s sickle

A

A bulge of cells from which the primitive streak is formed as it migrates

68
Q

Primitive streak

A

A “zipper” line through which macrolecithal gastrulation takes place. Development takes place in a “wave” because of the quicker development of the anterior end

69
Q

Hensen’s node

A

The end of the primitive streak

70
Q

Gastrulation (macrolecithals)

A

Epiblast cells move in to blastocoel through primitive streak and differentiate into mesoderm and ectoderm

71
Q

Neurulation (macrolecithals) begins where?

A

Anterior end

72
Q

Embryonic origin of somites

A

Epimere mesoderm

73
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Contains the heart

74
Q

Pleuroperitoneal cavity

A

Contains lungs + rest of internal organs

75
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Contains lungs

76
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Contains viscera, lined by peritoneum

77
Q

Embryonic origin of peritoneum

A

Somatic hypomere mesoderm

78
Q

Neurocoel

A

Hollow space in neural tube, a hollow canal containing spinal fluid in adults

79
Q

Extra-embryonic membranes

A

Membranes that develop outside the embryo

80
Q

Yolk sac

A

Grows around and contains the yolk, produces vitelline vessels that carry nutrients to embryo

81
Q

Embryonic origin of yolk sac

A

Mesoderm

82
Q

Allantois

A

Sequesters nitrogenous waste and takes the place of a placenta

83
Q

Embryonic origin of allantois

A

Endoderm

84
Q

Chorion

A

Linked with allantois, use for gas exchange in eggs

85
Q

Embryonic origin of chorion

A

Ectoderm

86
Q

Amnion

A

Water-tight seal around the embryo that provides cushioning and prevents drying out

BIOL 204 (5 decks)

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