Skeleton

Question 1

Fibrous cartilage

Answer 1

Tough, lots of collagen fibers

Question 2

Elastic cartilage

Answer 2

Many, elastin and collagen

Question 3

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 3

Mostly collagen, handles compression well, few protein fibers

Question 4

Bone and cartilage similarities

Answer 4

Lacunae, amtrix

Question 5

Bone and cartilage differences

Answer 5

Bone: calcium phosphate and protein, blood vessels and nerves, connected lacunae through canals

Cartilage: polysaccharides and protein, no blood vessels, no canals or connections between lacunae

Question 6

Replacement bone examples

Answer 6

Scapula, vertebrae, ribs, pubis, ilium, ischium, carpals, tarsals, radius, ulna, humerus … etc

Question 7

Dermal bone examples

Answer 7

Clavicle, post-temporal, cleithrum, supralecithrum

Question 8

Periosteum

Answer 8

Membrane on outermost layer of bone

Question 9

Trabeculae

Answer 9

Thin struts of bone, marrow located between trabeculae

Question 10

Young and old bone, differences

Answer 10

There is cartilage between the epiphysis (head) and diaphysis (shaft) in young bone that allows for growth. Old bone is completely fused.

Question 11

Tuberculum articulates with

Answer 11

Diapophyses

Question 12

Parapophyses articulates with

Answer 12

Capitulum

Question 13

Zygapophyses

Answer 13

Locking processes that prevent excess torsion and help prevent slipped disks

Question 14

Amphicoelous

Answer 14

Concave both sides

Fishes, some amphibia

Question 15

Procoelous

Answer 15

Concave front (anterior)
Convex back (posterior)

Some amphibia, some sauropsida

Question 16

Opisthocoelous

Answer 16

Concave back (posterior)
Convex front (anterior)

Some sauropsida

Question 17

Acoelous

Answer 17

Flat both ends with disks between then (remnants of notochord)

Mammalia

Question 18

Heterocoelous

Answer 18

Saddle-shaped, allows for impressive flexibility

Aves, cervical parareptilia

Question 19

Synsacrum

Answer 19

Fusion of thoracic, lumbar, sacral, some caudal in aves – strong but light

Question 20

Pygostyle

Answer 20

Fused caudal in birds, for steering and braking

Question 21

How to ID cervical vertebrae

Answer 21

Transverse foramen (side-holes)
Hole = atlas
Otontoid process = axis

Question 22

How to ID thoracic vertebrae

Answer 22

Diapophyses and parapophyses

Question 23

How to ID lumbar vertebrae

Answer 23

No space for articulation, but large lateral processes (pleuropophyses)

Question 24

How to ID sacral vetebrae

Answer 24

Usually fused

Question 25

How to ID caudal vrtebrae

Answer 25

Long, with tiny chevron bones (remnants of hemal arch)

Question 26

What do boy sharks have that lady sharks don’t?

Answer 26

A sperm bastor in the form of a particlarly long “clasper” pelvic fins

Question 27

Plantigrades

Answer 27

Us, everything from tarsals down

Question 28

Digitigrades

Answer 28

Cats, phalanges

Question 29

Unguligrades

Answer 29

Horses, phalange tip