Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Comparative Anatomy > Vertebrate Origins And The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Vertebrate Origins And The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the definitions of the terms:
- function
- biological role
- preadaptation

A
  • how a structure interacts with its environment
  • selection pressures leading to the function
  • features existing before the adaptation pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the definitions of the terms:
- homology
- analogy
- convergent evolution (homoplasy)
- synapomorphy

A
  • structures with the same origin, regardless of function
  • function, not origin
  • similar features which evolved independently of one another
  • trait that unifies a group-shared derived group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the features of chordates?

A
  • pharyngeal slits
  • notochord
  • dorsal hollow nerve tube (precursor to the CNS)
  • endostyle
  • post-anal tail
    (first two appear at some point in development if absent)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a body plan?

A

a fundamental structural organisation plan which applies to the entire phylum
body plan = body organisational scheme + phylum-specific traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

chordates have bilateral symmetry - what does this mean?

A

mirroring about the anterior-posterior axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 3 main axis?

A

-left/right
-dorso/ventral
-anterior/posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is segmentation?

A

repetition of tissues, organs or features along the A-P axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is serial homology? name some examples of this

A

2 or more repeated features within the animal that share similar features. eg:
- muscle
- different vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a coelomic space?

A

a cavity, is a fluid-filled compartment lined by mesodermal epithelium (is closed and empty)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are some features of the vertebrate subphylum?

A
  • vertebral column
  • cranium
  • neural crest
  • neurogenic placodes (these two = developmental stem cells)
  • brain with 3 divisions
    -hypothalamus-pituitary system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what did the duplication of the chordate genome allow for? (hypothesis)

A

expansion and complexity without destruction of key genes; genes for neural crest, 3-part brain and neurogenic placodes already existed but duplication allowed for diversification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do pharnygeal arches eventually give way to in vertebrates?

A
  • aortic arch
  • cranial nerve
  • muscle
  • skeletal rod
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is contained within the pleuroperitoneal cavity?

A

lungs and viscera -this becomes sub-divided in mammals by the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

list the topological structure of the body walls

A
  • integument (skin)
  • fascia
  • muscle
  • fascia
  • coelomic membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are:
-epaxial muscles
-hypaxial muscles

A
  • muscles which lie dorsal to the horizontal septum
  • muscles which lie ventral to the horizontal septum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the three subphyla within chordates?

A
  • cephalochordates
  • urochordates
  • vertebrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what was the original function of the notochord?

A

a rod to stiffen the spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a gnathostome?

A

term for jawed fish

19
Q

define synapomorphy

A

a common trait shared between two or more groups of organisms

20
Q

define homoplasy

A

a feature that has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages

21
Q

sarcopterygians display ‘flashy fins’ - what is this a preadaptation of?

A

limbs

22
Q

synapsid skulls became more fenestrated - what does this allow for?

A

more muscle attachment

23
Q

what are some key innovations in mammalian evolution

A
  • tribosphenic molars
  • middle ear bones
  • diaphragm muscle
  • hair
    -mammary gland
24
Q

describe the module duplication theory for the development of fore/hindlimbs

A

Possible T-box module gene (transcription factor) duplication at gnathostome branch, leading to forelimb (Thx5) and hindlimb (Thx4) fin bud development

25
Q

what are some common evolutionary modifications?

A
  • enlargement/ reduction
  • fusion/ subdivision
  • elaboration/ simplification
  • duplication
  • repetition
26
Q

what is the definition of integument?

A

a barrier between an organism’s internal and external environment

27
Q

what are the different layers of the skin in vertebrates?

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

28
Q

what are the different cell layers of the cyclostome skin structure?

A
  1. cuticle (non-cellular, for mucous)
  2. epithelial cells
  3. stratum germinativum
  4. dermal stratum laxum
  5. dermal stratum compactum
29
Q

what is the purpose of the cyclostome dermis being collagen-rich?

A

for ungilation

30
Q

what are the different cell layers of the chondrichthyes skin structure?

A
  1. vitrodentine
  2. dentine
  3. unicellular mucous gland
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum germinativum
  6. dermal stratum laxum
  7. basal plate
  8. dermal stratum compactum
31
Q

what are the different cell layers of the osteichthyes skin structure?

A
  1. stratum spongiosum (scale pocket)
  2. basale membrane
  3. epithelial cells
  4. basal layer epithelial cells
  5. basale membrane
  6. stratum spongiosum
  7. stratum spongiosum
  8. stratum compactum
32
Q

what is the function of:
- club cells
- sacciform cells
- merkel cells
- ionocytes

A
  • immune defence
  • pheromone secretion
  • mechanoreceptor
  • maintenance of homeostasis + ion loss prevention
32
Q

what are the three types of osteichthyes scales?

A

a) ctenoid - apical ends
b) cycloid - smooth, calcified ridges
c) ganoid - rhomboid

33
Q

what are the different cell layers of the amphibian skin structure?

A
  1. mucosal layer
  2. stratum corneum
  3. stratum spinosum
  4. stratum germinativum
  5. stratum spongiosum
  6. compact dermis
34
Q

what is the benefit of the amphibian epidermis being thin? what is a disadvantage to this?

A
  • allows for cutaneous respiration
  • prone to water loss
35
Q

what is the fucntion of leydig cells?

A

secretion of antimicrobial substance

36
Q

what are the different cell layers of the reptilian skin structure?

A
  1. corneous-layer
  2. keratinized-layer
  3. stratum germinativum
  4. dermal stratum laxum
  5. dermal stratum compactum
37
Q

what are the different cell layers of the avian skin structure?

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum germinativum
  3. stratum compactum
  4. stratum spongiosum
  5. dermal papilla
38
Q

what are the different cell layers of the mammalian skin structure?

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale
39
Q

in which locations on the mammalian body is the cell layer stratum lucidum present?

A

palms/soles/fingertips only

40
Q

which cell layer (epidermis) is constantly being renewed via proliferation?

A

stratum basale

41
Q

which cell layer (epidermis) is responsible for glycolipid production?

A

stratum granulosum

42
Q

what is the function of these mammalian gland secretions:
- sebaceous
- eccrine (watery, not hair associated)
- apocrine (viscous, hair associated)

A
  • reduce water loss/ waterproofing, infection defence
  • lubrication and cooling
  • chemical signalling

Comparative Anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions