Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What is the structure of muscle made up of?
Collagen, collagen microfibril, collagen fibril, fascicle, fascicle bundle and whole tendon
What are tendons?
They link between muscle and stiff bone, act as a lever arm and reduced the need for muscles, they also store energy for locomotion
What does the evolution of muscles consist of?
1 > formation of linear tendons
2> fibrocartilaginous pad forms in compressed regions
3> sesamoid bones form highly compressed regions
4> tendons store energy to reduce cost of locomotion
5> tendons calcify in response to tensile load
What are cyclostomes?
Type of invertebrates, present have organised collagen fibre, some examples include catfish
What are chondrichthyes?
they have tendinous myosepta between muscles, linear tendons in jaws and have pharyngeal muscles, they have fibrocartilaginous pads in compressed regions as tendons tend to change directions
What are osteichthyes tendons ?
Similar tendons to mammals, fibrocartilaginous pads, development of sesamoid bones for mouth opening which forms tendons
What type of muscles do reptilians have?
short wavy tendons, ossified patella in lizards and specialised musculotendinous anatomy in hindlimb, allows muscle to work synergistically
What some features of ligaments?
transmit load from bone to bone, holds the skeleton together, some flexibility, provide stability at joints, maintains joint congruency, limit freedom of movement, prevent excessive movement
What are some features of tendons?
force transmission between muscle and bone, high tensile stresses, conserve muscular energy during locomotion, satisfies kinematic and damping requirements
What are some tendon adaptations in horses?
elongated distal limbs, inserts in to the phalanges, stay apparatus > conserve energy while standing and sleeping, increase collagen content, passive support, long tendons and ligaments on cranial and caudal
What are key structures in the proximal forelimb?
biceps brachii, Laceratus fibrosus, deep digit flexor and superficial digital flexor
What are key structures in the distal limbs
suspensory ligaments, deep digit flexor tendons, superficial digital flexor tendons and sesamoideum ligament
What is the patellar locking mechanism?
lock stifle in extension and rest other hindlimb, patella has large cartilage on medial aspect, femur has enlarged medial trochlear ridge, 3 patella ligaments rather than 1, activity of vastus medialis needed to lock the patella in place, uses only 2% of muscle activity
What is the interfascicular matrix made of?
loose connective tissue matrix, highly cellular, collagen type 3, elastin, proteoglycans
Adaptations of the IFM in rodent tendons?
tail tendons allows fascicles to slide past each other, absent in most tendons
