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Comparative Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Key characteristics of general sensory organs

A

-Widespread throughout body
-Detect touch and temperature
-Role in proprioception

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2
Q

Key characteristics of special sensory organs

A

-Localised to a small area
-Highly specialised

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3
Q

Encapsulated sensory receptor

A

-Mechanoreceptor
-Sensitive to touch, pressure, vibration, temperature
-Located in dermis and pancreas

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4
Q

Examples of encapsulated sensory receptors

A

-Meissner’s corpuscles
-Pacinian corpuscles
-Ruffini’s corpuscles
-Merkel’s discs

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5
Q

Free sensory receptor

A

-Nociceptors, mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors
-Detects pain and other noxious stimuli
-Located in high sensitivity areas (intestines, tooth pulp, skin, oral cavity, cornea)

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6
Q

Associated sensory receptor

A

-Sensitivity relies on association with another structure eg hair, muscle spindle
-Detects mechanical or proprioceptive stimuli

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7
Q

Functions of proprioception

A

-Automatic postural adjustment
-Pre-activates muscles in preparation (for a fall, landing etc)

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8
Q

Muscle spindle proprioceptors

A

-Intrafusal muscle fibres and associated sensory receptors
-Measure muscle length and rate of muscle length change
-Responsible for stretch reflex

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9
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Spinal reflex which regulates resting muscle tone according to muscle length detected by muscle spindles

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10
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

-Detect tension within tendons
-Located in tendons attached to skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Gustatory cells

A

-Primary chemoreceptors
-Located in taste buds
-Have no axons
-Impulses relayed by 3 cranial nerves

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12
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

-Detects pheromones
-Separate and parallel to main olfactory pathway
-Connected to mouth and nose by nasopalatine canal
-Animals exhibit mouth/lip movements to actively draw air over the organ

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13
Q

Fovea

A

Area of high cone cell density within the retina

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14
Q

Pineal complex

A

Primitive light-sensing organ within the brain. Conserved by turtles, which use it to detect day/night and seasonal variations in sunlight

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15
Q

Magnetoreception

A

Some migrating animals are able to navigate by sensing minute variations in Earth’s magnetic field, used as an “internal compass”

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16
Q

Neuromast organ

A

-Common mechanoreceptor setup
-Consists of hair cells and support cells covered by a gelatinous cap
-Used in lateral line system

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17
Q

How do animals use hair cells to detect changes in their environment?

A

-Fish use hair cells as part of their lateral line system to measure water flow and detect objects at a distance
-Mammals use hair cells as part of their vestibular system to detect their own movement
-Mammals use hair cells in the cochlea to detect sound

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18
Q

Function of corticospinal pathway in mammals

A

Fine control of hands, particularly individual finger movements

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19
Q

Function of tectospinal pathway in mammals

A

-Co-ordinated locomotor and feeding movements
-Head turning reflex
-Postural movement reflexes (in response to visual stimuli)

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20
Q

Function of rubrospinal pathway in mammals

A

-Motor function
-Flexor muscle activity
-Extensor muscle inhibition

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21
Q

Function of vestibulospinal pathway in mammals

A

-Extensor muscle activity
-Postural reflexes
-Equilibrium maintaining reflexes (in response to vestibular input)

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22
Q

Function of reticulospinal pathway in mammals

A

-Gross movement (locomotion, posture, reaching)
-Proximal and axial muscle control

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23
Q

Which descending pathway would a person use when carrying out complex surgery?

A

Corticospinal pathway

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24
Q

Three layers of the eye

A

Retina, choroid, sclera

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25
Q

Function of pit organ in snakes such as pit vipers

A

Infrared light receptor for heat detection

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26
Q

What phylogenetic precursor does the vestibular system arise from?

A

The lateral line system

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27
Q

How do the vestibular canals detect rotation?

A

Inertia causes fluid in the semicircular canals to lag behind the canal itself. The resulting movement of fluid relative to the canal walls stimulates hair cells in the crista wall.

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28
Q

How many semicircular canals do mammals have?

A

Three: one in each axis

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29
Q

Name the three semicircular canals of the vestibular system

A

Anterior, posterior and horizontal

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30
Q

Structure of the organ of Corti

A

Strip of highly specialised neuromasts, connected to the brain via the auditory nerve

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31
Q

Adaptations of the owl for directional hearing

A

-Facial ruff of feathers channels sound similarly to the mammalian pinna
-Asymmetrical external auditory canals capture sound multidirectionally
-Measurement of Interaural Loudness Difference allows sounds to be located in the horizontal plane

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32
Q

Mechanoreceptive specialisations of the star-nosed mole

A

-Nostrils are surrounded by 22 appendages covered in mechanoreceptor organs called Eimer’s organs.
-Eimer’s organs are raised domes 30-50um across, consisting of free nerve endings, a Merkel’s disc and a lamellated corpuscle
-Mechanoreceptors are densest at distal end of appendage

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33
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the brain

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34
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the brain

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35
Q

Role of the CNS

A

Receives information from sensory receptors, processes this and sends information to effectors in order to co-ordinate activities and responses necessary for survival and reproduction.

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36
Q

What does the inner space of the neural tube form?

A

The ventricular system

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37
Q

What does the neural crest give rise to?

A

The peripheral nervous system

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38
Q

What does the telencephalon give rise to?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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39
Q

From which embryonic structure does the hypothalamus arise?

A

Diencephalon

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40
Q

The three white matter systems are:

A

-Corpus callosum
-Cortical white matter
-Internal capsule

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41
Q

Where do sensory pathways from the eyes, ears and skin relay before terminating in the cerebral cortex?

A

The thalamus

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42
Q

What two structures does the diencephalon give rise to?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus

43
Q

What regulates the autonomic nervous system?

A

The hypothalamus

44
Q

What does the dorsal surface of the mesencephalon differentiate into?

A

The tectum

45
Q

What does the floor of the mesencephalon differentiate into?

A

The tegmentum

46
Q

What structures does the rostral rhombencephalon (metencephalon) form?

A

The cerebellum and pons

47
Q

What embryonic structure does the cerebellum form from?

A

The rhombic lips

48
Q

What structure does the caudal rhombencephalon (myelencephalon) form?

A

The medulla

49
Q

Function of the pyramidal decussation

A

Pyramidal tracts cross the midline where the medulla meets the spinal cord, meaning that the cortex of one brain hemisphere controls movement on the opposite side of the body

50
Q

Function of the dorsal horn

A

Receives sensory inputs from dorsal root fibres

51
Q

Function of the ventral horn

A

Sends motor outputs to ventral routes which innervate muscles

52
Q

Haeckel embryology theory

A

Developmental stages recapitulate adult evolution (eg in frog development, fish characteristics are made, then frog characteristics) (WRONG)

52
Q

Von Baer embryology theory

A

Developmental stages do not recapitulate adult evolution

53
Q

Which germ layer develops into the CNS?

A

Ectoderm

54
Q

How many layers do the meninges of the fish have?

A

One.

55
Q

The three layers of the mammalian meninges

A

-Dura mater
-Arachnoid layer
-Pia mater

56
Q

How many layers do the meninges of amphibians, reptiles and birds have?

A

Two

57
Q

Two major functions of spinal cord

A

-Execute spinal reflexes
-Carry converging and diverging information (whatever that means)

58
Q

Two main ascending tracts of the spinal cord

A

Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus (both carry proprioception info)

59
Q

What part of the brain is shrunk in blind cave fish?

A

The optic tectum

60
Q

Where are the major centres for involuntary reflexes located?

A

The medulla oblongata

61
Q

Function of the Pons

A

Relays sensory and motor tracts between cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

62
Q

Functions of cerebellum

A

-Maintaining equilibrium
-Refines motor activity

63
Q

What is the largest area of the brain in fish and amphibians?

A

The midbrain

64
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

In the epithalamus

65
Q

Role of the dorsal thalamus

A

Co-ordinating centre of sensory inputs from all over the body

66
Q

Where are the basal ganglia located?

A

The base of both cerebral hemispheres

67
Q

What would happen if you removed an animal’s cerebellum?

A

-Failure to maintain equilibrium
-Poorer co-ordination

68
Q

Where does sensory information enter the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal horn

69
Q

Function of the medulla oblongata

A

-Location of primary nuclei for some cranial nerves
-Major route of passage for ascending and descending spinal pathways
-Major centre for involuntary reflexes

70
Q

Does the cerebellum initiate motor output?

A

No, it only modifies and refines motor outputs.

71
Q

Components of the epithalamus

A

Pineal gland and habenular nucleus

72
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

Regulates homeostasis

73
Q

Function of dorsal thalamus

A

Receives and co-ordinates sensory inputs

74
Q

Gyri

A

Folds of the Cortex

75
Q

Function of the corpus callosum

A

Connects left and right brain hemispheres

76
Q

Building blocks of the peripheral nervous system

A

-Neurons
-Nerves
-Ganglia
-Pathways
-Circuits

77
Q

Evolutionary origin of the CNS

A

Dorsal hollow nerve tube

78
Q

Chordate synapomorphies

A

-Pharyngeal slits (precursor to head organisation)
-Notochord
-Dorsal hollow nerve tube (precursor to CNS)
-Endostyle (precursor to thyroid
-Post-anal tail

79
Q

Vertebrate synapomorphies

A

-Vertebral column
-Cranium
-Neural crest
-Neurogenic placodes
-Brain with 3 divisions
-Hypothalamus-pituitary system

80
Q

Components of nervous system segments

A

Vertebra, spinal nerve, muscle

81
Q

Key characteristics of somatic PNS

A

-Innervates muscles, skin and their derivatives
-Nerves connect directly to their target

82
Q

Key characteristics of visceral (autonomic) PNS

A

-Connects to glands, involuntary muscles, walls of internal organs
-Neurons connect via a peripheral autonomic ganglion

83
Q

Interneurons function and distribution

A

-Relay/integration
-Located in CNS

84
Q

Motor (efferent) neuron function and distribution

A

-Visceral and somatic
-Cranial and spinal nerves

85
Q

Sensory (afferent) neuron function and distribution

A

-Visceral and somatic
-Special sensory only in cranial nerves
-Both special and general sensory in spinal nerves

86
Q

Function of sympathetic nervous system

A

Prepares for activity: fight or flight response

87
Q

Function of parasympathetic nervous system

A

Homeostasis: rest & digest

88
Q

Synapse type in CNS and parasympathetic nervous system

A

Cholinergic synapse

89
Q

Synapse type in sympathetic nervous system

A

Adrenergic synapse

90
Q

Three basic pathways involving PNS

A

-Reflexes
-Ascending pathways
-Descending pathways

91
Q

Spinal nerve evolutionary origin

A

Innervation of pharyngeal slits

92
Q

Function for which spinal nerves were originally evolved

A

Activating repeated muscle blocks for swimming in fish

93
Q

Which cranial nerve comprises most of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

94
Q

Categories of cranial nerves:

A

-Sensory nerves of the head
-Ventral cranial nerves
-Dorsal cranial nerves

95
Q

Nerves of parasympathetic nervous system

A

-Vagus nerve
-Sacral spinal nerves

96
Q

Nerves of sympathetic nervous system

A

Sympathetic chain (sympathetic trunk and paravertebral ganglia)

97
Q

Evolution of cranial nerves

A

Slits for filter feeding -> slits to support gills -> muscles, vessels & nerves for gill function -> cranial muscles, nerves and aortic arches

98
Q

Preganglionic neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous sytem

A

Acetylcholine

99
Q

Preganglionic neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

100
Q

Postganglionic neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

101
Q

Postganglionic neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system

A

Norepinephrine

102
Q

Innovations in cranial nerve evolution

A

Tetrapods: vomeronasal organ and new glands
Amniotes: loss of lateral line system, decussation of optic nerve
Mammals&birds: cochlea developed

Comparative Anatomy (9 decks)

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