Vertebrate Body Plan

Question 1

Dorsal ventral axis refers to

Answer 1

Dorsal = back
Ventral = stomach

Question 2

Cranial caudal axis refers to

Answer 2

Cranial = head
Caudal = tail

Question 3

Superior referes to

Answer 3

Top

Question 4

Inferior refers to

Answer 4

Bottom

Question 5

Medial lateral refers to

Answer 5

Medial= towards midline
Lateral = away from midline

Question 6

Proximal distal refers to

Answer 6

Proximal=towards where its attached to the body
Distal = away from attachment point

Question 7

Dorsal ventral refers to

Answer 7

Back and front (when bent over, dorsal is the actual back facing the sky, ventral is the chest facing the ground)

Question 8

What does a Sagittal plane split

Answer 8

Right and left

Question 9

What does a frontal plane split

Answer 9

Front and back
**standing in anatomical position, face is on one side and butt is on other

Question 10

What does the transverse plane split

Answer 10

Top & bottom
** in anatomical position, waist up versus waist down; viewpoint is as if you are looking through body from top of head

Question 11

What are the two steps after gastrulation in the development of a baby

Answer 11

Body plan formation, organogenesis

Question 12

When is the period of organogenesis ?
What is happening during this stage of development

Answer 12

Weeks 3-8
Organs are being created

Question 13

Looking from a caudal/cranial point of view at a transverse section of the trilaminar, what can you see

Answer 13

The primitive streak in the middle, the epiblast, hypoblast, invaginating mesoderm

Question 14

Epiblast cells migrate through primitive node and streak in which directions

Answer 14

Caudal to cranial and medial to lateral

Question 15

Where is the urogenital system derived from

Answer 15

The intermediate mesoderm

Question 16

The future body wall is derived form the

Answer 16

Lateral plate mesoderm

Question 17

The notochord is derived from the ____ and is a precursor to the ___

Answer 17

Mesoderm, axial skeleton (vertebrae)

Question 18

What does the notochord form in the intervertebral discs

Answer 18

Nucleus pulposus

Question 19

The neural groove forms above the _____ from the ____ layer

Answer 19

Notochord, ectoderm

Question 20

The paraxial mesoderm is located ?
What happens to this area as the neural groove folds

Answer 20

Below the ectoderm layer
It fills up the space to support the folding layer of ectoderm

Question 21

What are somites

Answer 21

Epithelial balls of cells formed in segmental Paris along the neural tube form paraxial mesoderm
Differentiate into vertebrae, muscles of the back and body wall, dermis of the skin

Question 22

What does somites differentiate into

Answer 22

Vertebrae, muscles of the back and body wall, dermis of the skin

Question 23

What is the process of neurulation

Answer 23

The flat ectodermal plate folds and forms tube

Question 24

Signals form the _____ cause inward folding of the _____ at the ____

Answer 24

Notochord, ectoderm, neural plate

Question 25

Ends of neural plate ____ and ____ to form an _____ neural tube

Answer 25

Fuse, disconnect, autonomous

Question 26

At week ___, the ventral folding causes a ___fold and a ___fold to form

Answer 26

4, head, tail

Question 27

In the embryonic development (weeks ___ thru ___) , _____ is happening and there are two periods, highly critical and sensitive

Answer 27

3, 8
Organogenesis

Question 28

During the fetal period …

Answer 28

Structures just grown larger in size, partuition

Question 29

Fertilization begins at ___
In relation, gestational age begins ___

Answer 29

Conception, two weeks earlier at the beginning of the last period

Question 30

When is the period of maximal sensitivity to abnormal development

Answer 30

Weeks 3-8

Question 31

When is the critical period for the development of the heart?
When is it just sensitive

Answer 31

3-6/7 weeks, 6/7-8 weeks

Question 32

Birth defect definition

Answer 32

Term for a congenital malformation (physical anomaly)

Question 33

Congenital disorder definition

Answer 33

A condition existing at birth and often before birth that develops during the first month of life regardless of causation

Question 34

Teratology is the study of

Answer 34

Causes and biological processes leading to abnormal development

Question 35

Teratology is the study of

Answer 35

Causes and biological processes leading to abnormal development

Question 36

Why would thalidomide not be prescribed to pregnant women to treat nausea?
What was the resulting condition called

Answer 36

Thalidomide can cross the placental barrier and though it was effective in decreasing nausea and morning sickness, is interrupts the blood supply during the formation of long bones, leaving babies with hands connected to shoulder bones
***4-5 weeks is the critical period for limb formation and also a period where many women experience morning sickness

Phocomelia

Question 37

What are the factors that impact risk for congenital anomalies ?

Answer 37

Maternal age = as it increases, risk grows
Genetic predisposition = heart defects, neural tube defects, Down syndrome
Environmental factors = maternal smoking, drugs, chemical exposure, infections, diet
Unknown