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EXAM 1- Anatomical Sciences > Connective T > Flashcards

Connective T Flashcards

1
Q

What is connective tissue

A

Comprises a diverse group of cells within a tissue-specific extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What are the functions of the connective tissue

A

Providing support and connections
Defense (site of inflammatory and immune reactions, physical barrier)
Nutrition (reservoir for water and electrolytes, stores energy in form of triglycerides (adipocytes), support blood vessels, passageway for nutrients and gases)

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3
Q

Energy is stored in the connective tissue in the form of

A

Triglycerides (adipocytes)

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4
Q

What is the structure of loose/areolar CT?
What is the purpose of loose/areolar CT?

A

Loosely arranged cell/ ground substances/ fibers

Supports epithelial tissue, surrounds blood vessels, fills spaces between muscles
Diffusion of oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrients/wastes
Inflammatory and immune reactions
Provides structural support

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5
Q

In what form of connective tissue is diffusion of oxygen/co2 and nutrients/waste happening?

A

Loose/ areolar CT

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6
Q

What are the ground substances of connective tissue?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Proteoglycans
Structural glycoproteins (laminin, Fn)
Water

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7
Q

What are the fibers that make up the connective tissue

A

Collagen fiber system(collagen & reticular fibers)
Elastic fiber system

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8
Q

Dense CT fibers structure

A

Prominent fibers, little ground substance

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the dense regular CT?
Where is the dense CT located?

A

Transmit force of muscle contraction
Attach muscles to bones
Protection

Tendons, ligaments, cornea

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the dense irregular CT?
Where is it located?

A

Provide tensile strength
Protection

Skin, GI tract

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11
Q

What are the resident cells in the CT?

A

Fibroblast
Macrophages
Adipocytes
Mast cell
Adult stem cells

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12
Q

What are the wandering cells in the CT?

A

Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Neutrophils
Eosinphils
Basophils
Monocytes

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13
Q

What is the most abundant type of fibers in connective tissue?

A

Collagen fibers

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14
Q

How would you describe collagen fibers?
Are they flexible? What is their level of strength?

A

Wavy structures with variable width
Flexible
High tensile strength

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15
Q

What is the hydroxylation of collagen dependent on?

A

Vitamin C

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16
Q

Collagen polypeptides are initially synthesized in the ______ and then send to the _______ for multimeter assembly, which results in ______

A

Rough ER, Golgi, pro collagen

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17
Q

Procollagen is processed into ________ which can be used for ________ or the _______

A

Tropocollagen
Collagen fiber, collagen network

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18
Q

What is deficient in those affected by Scurvy?
What are the characteristics of this disease?

A

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Bone disease in growing children and hemorrhages and healing defects in both children and adults

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19
Q

Vitamin C is a required cofactor for the addition of _____ groups to the ____ and ___ residues

A

Hydroxyl, proline, lysine

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20
Q

How does scurvy present in the oral cavity?

A

Symmetrical lesions without infection

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21
Q

What type of collagen make up reticular fibers?
Do these form a bundle or network

A

Type III
Network

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22
Q

How do we stain reticular fibers? Why

A

Silver salts because of the high content of sugar

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23
Q

Where are reticular fibers found?
What produces these fibers?

A

Support hematopoietic and lymphoid organs (except thymus)
Reticular fibers

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24
Q

What does type I collagen form?
Where is it found?
What purpose does it serve?

A

Fibers
Dermis, tendon, bone, fibrocartilage
Resistance to tension

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25
Q

What does type II collagen form?
Where is it found?
What is its purpose ?

A

Fibers
Hyaline cartilage, Intervertebral disc
Resistance to pressure

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26
Q

What does type II collagen form?
Where is it found?
What is its purpose ?

A

Fibers
Hyaline cartilage
Intervertebral disc

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27
Q

What does type III collagen form?
Where is it found?
What is its purpose?

A

Fibers
Reticular connective tissue
Maintenance of expansible organs

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28
Q

What does type IV collagen form?
Where is it found?
What is its purpose?

A

Networks
Basal lamina
Supports delicate structures and filtration

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29
Q

In relation to other collagen fibers, elastic fibers are ____ (thicker/thinner)

A

Thinner

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30
Q

What is the purpose of elastic fibers?

A

Responsible for elasticity, resilience, and shape control
Allow tissues to respond to stretch and distension

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31
Q

What is the structure of an elastic fiber?

A

Core protein = elastin
Two unique AA = desmosine & isodesmosine which covalently link elastin monomers together

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32
Q

What is the cause of osteogenesis imperfecta?
What are the symptoms ?

A

Defective synthesis of collagen (normally type I)
Brittle bones, blue sclera

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33
Q

What are the clinical features of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes?
What is defective?

A

Fragile, hyperextensible skin vulnerable to trauma
Hyper mobile joints
Poor wound healing

Defects in collagen synthesis or assembly

34
Q

What defect causes Marfan syndrome?
What are the clinical features?

A

FBN1 gene (encodes fibrin) = lack of resistance in tissues rich in elastic fibers
Tall stature, long fingers, bilateral subluxation of lens, mitral valve prolapse (**heart problems)

35
Q

What is ground substance?
What is the purpose

A

Colorless, hydrated
Fills space between cells and fibers

36
Q

What are the functions of ground substance?

A

Lubricant (high viscosity)
Allows diffusion of water soluble molecules
Anchors cells through cell-ECM adhesion
path for cell migration
binds/retains growth factors
via cell adhesion molecules information is transmitted across the PM

37
Q

What types of macromolecules make up ground substance?

A

Glycosaminogylcans (GAG)
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins

38
Q

What are examples of GAG in the ground substance?

A

Dermatan sulfate
Keratin sulfate
Hyaluronic acid

39
Q

What purpose does dermatan sulfate serve?

A

Meditation of wound repair, fibrosis

40
Q

What purpose does keratan sulfate serve?

A

Related to cell motility, axonal guidance and embryo implantation

41
Q

What purpose does hyaluronic acid serve?

A

Very important in development because it is a major component of mucous connective tissue which is found in the umbilical cord
Major component of cartilage (resists compression, promotes flexibility, shock absorber)
important for immobilizing growth factors
insulator, prevents diffusion

42
Q

What are some examples of Proteoglycans in the ground substance?

A

Aggrecan, syndecan

43
Q

What is the purpose of aggrecan?

A

Related to hydration of the ECM

44
Q

What is the purpose of syndecan?

A

facilitated interaction between the proteins of the ECM and the actin cytoskeleton

45
Q

What are some examples of glycoproteins in the ground substance/

A

Integrity, fibronectin, laminin

46
Q

What is the purpose of integrin?

A

Binds cells to ECM

47
Q

What is the purpose of fibronectin?

A

Binds many ECM components, attach to integrins

48
Q

What is the purpose of laminin?

A

Mediating attachment to the basement membrane

49
Q

Glycosaminoglycans appear in the ground substance as ___

A

Unbranched polysaccharide chains

50
Q

Proteoglycans appear in the ground substance as ___

A

Large macromolecules with protein core

51
Q

How is HA present in the ground substance?
What other ground substance element does it binds to and what do they form?

A

Free carbohydrate chain; not covalently bound to protein
Proteoglycans, forms giant aggregates

52
Q

Mutliadhesive glycoproteins facilitate attachment between ________________

A

Cell to CT element
CT element to CT element

53
Q

What are hyaluronidases?
What are their functions?
What can release these?

A

Enzymes that degrade hyaluronic acid (lowers the viscosity of the CT - increases tissue permeability)

bacteria will release in order to infiltrate cell

54
Q

What are the outcomes of degradation of HA by hyaluronidases?

A

Lowers the viscosity of CT and therefore increases tissue permeability

55
Q

What is the most common cell type

A

Fibroblasts

56
Q

What is the structure of fibroblasts?

A

Spindle shaped cells with elliptic nucleus, thin cytoplasm

57
Q

How often do fibroblasts divide?
When would they do this?

A

Rarely
In response to injury and inflammation
(Myofibroblasts)

58
Q

What are macrophages and what are their purpose?

A

Phagocytic cells that contain lysosomes and residual bodies
Initiate immune response
Secrete hydrolytic enzymes

59
Q

How do macrophages initiate an immune response?

A

Releases cytokines
Present antigens to lymphocytes

60
Q

What is the structure of Mast cells?
Where do they arise from?
What do they express on their surface?

A

Oval to round cells with microvilli, nucleus central
Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
IgE

61
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue?

A

Main energy stores (depot for triglycerides)
-Insulates body against heat loss
Fills space between tissues
-Provides cushions (shock absorption) : soles of feet, around kidney, in the orbit around eye
paracrine and endocrine substances
-secretes leptin (regulate food intake and energy consumption)

62
Q

Where would you find adipose tissue In the body?

A

Soles of feet, around kidney, in the orbit around the eye

63
Q

What type of stem cells to adipocytes originate from?
What are the two types?

A

Mesechymal stem cells
Unilocular/white & multiocular/brown

64
Q

What are the purpose of white adipocytes?
What do they look like?

A

Metabolic energy storage, insulation, cushioning, hormone production
Flattened nucleus on periphery, one large lipid droplet surrounded by a ring of cytoplasm

65
Q

What are the purposes of brown adipocytes?
What do they look like?
When are these present?

A

Heat protection/thermogenesis
Multiple lipid droplets, eccentric nucleus & numerous mitochondria
Fetal life and first decade after birth

66
Q

What are the ‘wandering cells’ in the CT

A

Eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils

67
Q

What are plasma cells derived from?
What do they look like?
What is their purpose

A

Lymphocyte derived
Oval cell, eccentric “wheel/clockface” nucleus ; little cytoplasm
“golgi ghost”=light staining area next to nucleus
Antibody producing cells

68
Q

How do leukocytes (WBC) get into connective tissue?
When does this process increase?

A

Diapedesis : WBC leaves blood by migrating between epithelial lining of capillaries to enter CT
During inflammation

69
Q

How do leukocytes (WBC) get into connective tissue?
When does this process increase?

A

Diapedesis : WBC leaves blood by migrating between epithelial lining of capillaries to enter CT
During inflammation

70
Q

where is embryonic CT?
when does it disappear?

A

umbilical cord, after birth

71
Q

the lamina propia is made of which type of connective tissue?

A

loose CT

72
Q

how can you differentiate loose CT from dense?

A

loose has more cells, more ground substance, and fewer fibers

73
Q

in h& e staining, loose connective tissue stains _____ than other CT because

A

Less (lighter appearance)
less fibers = less red

74
Q

where are elastic fibers synthesized by fibroblasts?
chondroblasts ?
smooth muscle?

A

skin and tendons
in elastic cartilage
large blood vessels

75
Q

why are elastic fibers present in the aorta?

A

blood pressure changes drastically, allows it to stretch and recover easily

76
Q

giant aggregates of proteoglycans and HA are hydro______

A

philic

77
Q

what are matrix metalloproteinases? (MMPs)
what releases them?

A

tissue remodeling/ depredations of ECM

cancer cells!
tumor invasion, metastasis, tumor angiogenesis require participation of MMPs (expression increases in association with tumorigenesis)

78
Q

what do monocytes differentiate into? Where are the monocytes found?

A

macrophages
bone marrow—->blood (differentiate in tissues)

79
Q

how do mast cells appear?
what can they contain?

A

lots of secretory granules!
secrete heparin,histamine, vasoactive mediators, chemotactic factors

80
Q

Asthma/allergies are related to which cells?

A

mast cells (secrete histamine)

EXAM 1- Anatomical Sciences (6 decks)

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