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EXAM 1- Anatomical Sciences > Lecture 1: Histology Introduction & Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Histology Introduction & Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelia

A

Cover and line surfaces; ex intestines

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2
Q

Connective tissue

A

Packing, support, connecting; usually below epithelium

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3
Q

Muscle

A

Contractility;

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4
Q

Nerve

A

Irritability, conduction

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5
Q

Prep for microscopy

A

Fixation, dehydration, embedding, trimming/sectioning, staining (all have affects on tissue appearance)

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6
Q

Fixation

A

small pieces of tissue are placed in solutions that preserve by cross-linking proteins and inactivating degradative enzymes

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7
Q

Dehydration

A

In alcohols, removes all water

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8
Q

Embedding

A

The paraffin-infiltrated tissue is placed in a small mold with melted paraffin and allowed to harden

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9
Q

Plane sections

A

Longitudinal (splits halfway through the longest part of the tissue)
Cross - splits horizontally to get a view of through the middle of the tissue
Oblique - splits on an angle

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10
Q

Staining

A

Because most cells and extracellular material are colorless ; most dyes behave like acids or bases and form salt linkages with molecules in tissues
(Basic dyes: toluidine blue, methylene blue, hematoxylin*
Acid dyes: eosin**, fuchsin)

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11
Q

Cell components with net negative charge (an ionic) / Acidic molecules

A

Stain more readily with basic dyes and are termed basophillic
Stain blue !!!
Ex; nucleus

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12
Q

Cationic components like proteins with ionized amino acids ( basic)

A

Stain more readily with acidic dyes; stain red/pink
Acidophilic
Ex; protein in cytoplasm

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13
Q

Problems with the interpretation of tissue sections

A

Shrinkage because of fixation, dehydration, and embedding
Artificial spaces in tissue
Loss of molecules that were not retained after fixation or removed during dehydration (glycogen and lipids)
Wrinkles in tissues
Precipitate of stains

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14
Q

Electron microscopy

A

*Transmission electron microscopy= very high resolution
400,000 times magnification
Dark areas in a TEM are called electron dense; light areas are electron lucent
Beam of electrons
*Scanning electron microscopy
Uses electron beam to scan

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15
Q

The cell

A

Surrounded by plasma membrane
Divided into cytoplasm and nucleus
Contain organelles

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

Membrane limited compartment that contains genome
site of transcription; site of chromosomes
Outer membrane has ribosomes and is continuous with RER at certain sites
Inner membrane faces nuclear material
**mature RBC + platelets don’t have

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17
Q

Nuclear envelope and pores

A

Molecules > 9nm = active transport mediated by receptors
Ions & smaller water soluble materials <9nm = simple diffusion through pores

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18
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Closed chromatin, cannot be read for replication
Highly condensed, no active transcription
Dense staining

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19
Q

Euchromatin

A

Open chromatin, ready to be replicated
Active **
Light staining

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20
Q

Nucleoulus

A

Spherical, basophilic
Site of RNA (rRNA) synthesis and initial ribosome assembly

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21
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Organelles & cytosol (intracellular fluid; dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble)

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22
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small, dark staining granules in EM
Ribosomes read mRNA and translates to amino acids
**translation = rRNA— protein

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23
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Anatomosing network of interconnecting channels and sacs/cisternae formed by continuous membrane
Rough ER = ribosomes
Smooth ER= no ribosomes

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24
Q

Polyribosomes

A

Ribosomes associated with mRNA
Occur in cytosol or on RER membranes

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25
Q

Rough er functions

A

Protein synthesis of secretory proteins (albumin, hormones, milk proteins, receptors, antibodies, collagen, enzymes, lipoproteins)
and neurotransmitters
N linked

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26
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesis & breakdown of glycogen
Detoxification of drugs, metabolic wastes, etc
Synthesis of lipoproteins, cholesterol, bile salts
Uptake and release of calcium in muscle cells
synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones

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27
Q

Golgi complex

A

Sack of membrane-bound disc shaped envelopes
Post translational modifications for proteins
O-linked glycosylation of proteins
Synthesis of lipoproteins
synthesis of glycolipids and sphingomyelins
different compartments serve different purposes

28
Q

O linked glycosylation of proteins

A

Glycan is attached to an oxygen molecule on an amino acid
Added sugars used as recognition signals

29
Q

N linked glycosylation of proteins

A

In the rough ER
Glycan I attached to a nitrogen molecule of an amino acid
More common than o linked

30
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy - transform chemical energy into high energy phosphate bonds in ATP
Beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids (in matrix)
regulates cell apoptosis

outer membrane = loosely packed
inner membrane = tightly packed
**liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac = thousands of mito

31
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound organelles contain hydrolytic enzymes
Acidic content (pH 4.5 - 5.5)
Electron dense heterogenous contents
**Digest ingested material an aged or damaged organelles, breakdown of bone
electron dense heterogenous contents
** in staining - secondary lysosomes are fused with waste (dark stain with light stuff in middle)

32
Q

Peroxisomes/microbodies

A

Membrane bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes
*lipid metabolism ( beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids)
degrade hydrogen peroxide
Synthesize cholesterol, plasmalogens

33
Q

zellweger’s cerebrohepatorenal syndrome

A

Fatal disease due to absence of peroxisomal enzymes
Reduced degradation of cytotoxic hydrogen peroxide and abnormal accumulation of very long chain fatty acids

34
Q

cytoskeleton

A

Unique to eukaryotic cells
3d structure that fills cytoplasm
Long fibers are polymers of subunits
microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

35
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Lipid bilayer
Consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins with oligosaccharaide chains covalently linked to many of the phospholipids and proteins
**physical barrier, selective permeability, communication (receptors), electrochemical gradients

36
Q

Secretory granules

A

Serve as storage pool for selected secretory products
Seen in mast cells, pancreatic acinar cells, etc
**much larger than lysosomes

37
Q

Lipid/ fat droplets

A

Abundant in some cells
Serve as an energy store and source of lipids which may be used in steroid hormone production
not enclosed by membrane

38
Q

Glycogen

A

Highly branched polymer used as storage material for glucose
Liver and striated muscle cells usually contain large amounts of

39
Q

Trimming/sectioning

A

Paraffin block is trimmed to expose tissue for sectioning by microtome

40
Q

Trichrome staining

A

Connective tissue also stained

41
Q

H & E staining

A

Cells with fats or mucus don’t stain because they get washed out with alcohol prep

42
Q

Sudan black staining

A

Lipids get stained black; good for fat & myelin

43
Q

PAS staining

A

Good for mucus, microvilli, glycogen granulose, basement membrane

44
Q

TEM

A

Electrons through - shows inside of cell
400,000 x magnification - only looking small portions of cell
Dark= electron dense
Light= electron lucent

45
Q

SEM

A

Surface of cell

46
Q

Perinuclear space

A

Space between nuclear membrane

47
Q

Outer nuclear membrane

A

Bears ribosomes, connected to RER in certain spots

48
Q

Inner nuclear membrane

A

Stabilizes nucleus
Where chromosomes attach

49
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Web of intermediate filaments that support inner membrane

50
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Web of intermediate filaments that support inner membrane

51
Q

Nucleosome

A

DNA wrapped around histone proteins ; basic repeating subunit of chromatin in nucleus

52
Q

pregnenolon

A

made in mito, sent to SER; precursor to all c18, C19, C21 steroids (progesterone, aldosterone, testosterone, etc)

53
Q

uptake, storage, & release of calcium involves…

A

mito and ER

54
Q

microfilaments

A

actin, 7nm

55
Q

intermediate filaments

A

proteins, 10nm

56
Q

microtubules

A

tubular, 25nm

57
Q

COP

A

costumer proteins, tag vesicles to guide to the correct place in cells (COP1, COPII, clathrin)

58
Q

carbohydrates in plasma membrane

A

attach to proteins = glycoproteins
forms the cell coat(sugar coat/ glycocalyx)
establishes extracellular microenvironment
aids in metabolism, cell recognition, celll association, receptor sites for hormones

59
Q

glycoproteins

A

glycan (sugar trees) attach to proteins

60
Q

glycolipids

A

glycan + lipid

61
Q

glycolipids

A

glycan + lipid

62
Q

citric acid cycle & oxidative phosphorylation happen ..

A

in mito

63
Q

glycolysis happens ..

A

in cytosol ;

64
Q

mannose-6-phosphate

A

attaches to proteins, signal to be removed from cell via lysosome

65
Q

Lysosome storage diseases

A

Results in accumulation of substrates for lysosomal digestion

EXAM 1- Anatomical Sciences (6 decks)

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