Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ZOOL 403 > Vertebrate Anatomy > Flashcards

Vertebrate Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

amphicoelous vertebrae

A

vertebrae are concave at both ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

opisthocoelous vertebrae

A

concave at the caudal end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

procoelous vertebrae

A

concave at the cranial end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

diapophysis

A

part of spine that articulates with the tuberculum of the rib dorsally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

parapophysis

A

part of the spine that articulates with the capitulum of the rib ventrally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

glenoid fossa

A

articulates with the humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

acetabulum

A

portion of the pelvic girdle which articulates with the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

firmisternal pectoral girdle

A

sternum is fused to the pectoral arch and the epicoracoidal cartilages of each half of the girdle or fused to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sesamoid bone

A

Prepollex. Replaces the first digit in anurans. Males use this during coitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

intercalary element

A

a bone which separates the terminal and penultimate bones in the digit. Found in hylindae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what bones form the otic capsule

A

prootic and opisthotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

chromatophores

A

specialized cells where the pigment of the skin is held. In the dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

melanophores

A

predominant type of epidermal chromatophores containing melanins. epidermal chromatophores are lost in adults generally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

three types of dermal chromatophores

A

xanthophores, iridophores, melanophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

xanthophores

A

aka erythrophores. most superficial. Cause yellow, red and orange to be displayed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

iridophores

A

beneath the xanthophores and produce a white/silvery appearance. Often show up as a blue colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

melanophores

A

primary pigment is a brownish colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

syndactyly

A

two or more digits are fused together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

plantigrade locomotion

A

ventral surface of manus and pes is in contact with substrate during walking or running

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cursorial locomotion

A

running locomotion used in catching prey and escaping predators. Animals which use this typically have long limbs and motion in one plane only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

saltatorial

A

jumping locomotion in which all four legs are used to jump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ricochetal

A

jumping locomotion in which only the hind limbs are used to jump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Amphibious/semiaquatic mammals

A

least amount of adaptations for life in the water. otters, beavers, muskrats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

aquatic mammals

A

spend most of their amount of time in the water but can come on land to breed. Their fore and hindlimbs are modified into flippers which can bear weight on land but used for propulsion in water. seals, sealions, walruses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

marine mammals

A

never leave the water. They have extreme reduction in the pelvic girdle, fusion of cervical vertebrae. Vestigial hind limbs and tail modified into a horizontally flattened fluke. Cetaceans and sirenians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sloth locomotion

A

an arboreal form of locomotion used by a sloth - suspensory locomotion. Long limb bones and long curved claws. Not well suited for speed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

squirrel locomotion

A

an arboreal form of locomotion used by squirrels. scansorial locomotion. powerful hindlimbs and sharp, well-developed claws. Hind foot rotation is normal in this cluster.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

gibbon locomotion

A

an arboreal form of locomotion seen in gibbons. Brachiation is the action of hand over hand swinging through tree branches. These mammals have elongated forelimbs and long fingers which help grip trees.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

thecodont teeth

A

all the teeth are set in sockets present in the upper and lower jaws and that their roots are completely surrounded by bone. Mammals have thecodont teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

diphyodont

A

Only have two sets of teeth in a lifetime. Most mammals are diphyodont

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

heterodonty

A

there is differentiation of tooth structure and function depending on where each tooth is located in the jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

carnassial set

A

4th upper premolar and 1st lower molar. Shearing scissor blades passing by eachother. Sectorial teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

brachyodont

A

distinguishes crown height. Short or low, crowned teeth, These are found in most mammals. They stop growing once they have fully erupted because they have closed roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

hypsodont teeth

A

high crowned teeth which rise quite high above the gumline. These are found in mammals whose teeth undergo extensive wear. Some of these hypsodont teeth can have open roots and thus grow continuously throughout the organisms life time as their teeth wear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

hypselodont

A

teeth which grow continuously throughout the lifetime of an organism. These teeth have open roots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

tribosphenic teeth

A

characteristic of mammalian teeth. 3 cusps on the occlusal surface of the tooth. The cusps are named as the protocone, paracone, and metacone on the upper surface and the protoconid, metaconid, and paraconid on this lower surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

talonid basin

A

caudal to the three main cusps on the lower surface. This is where the protocone of the upper tribosphenic tooth fits into the lower teeth. It is a heel like depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

bunodont

A

tooth has cusps with low and rounded surfaces. Used for crushing and grinding - omnivorous diet. Often associated with extra cusps - hypocone or hypoconid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

hypocone

A

Located in caudal lingual position of upper tooth

40
Q

hypoconid

A

located in the caudal labial position of the lower tooth

41
Q

selenodont

A

exhibits cusps that have been longitudinally expanded to form crescent shaped ridges along the length of the tooth. Used in herbivory for continuous grinding

42
Q

lophodont

A

similar to selenodont teeth in that the cusps have been modified and fused into ridges but the lophodont ridges are transverse. Also used to grind plant material.

43
Q

sectorial cheek teeth

A

carnivoran adaptation used for cutting and tearing flesh. Highly modified from the tribosphenic condition. The cusps on these teeth are raised and blade-shaped for slicing. evident in the carnassial set.

44
Q

tusks

A

elongated hysodont incisors (elephants) or canines (in some pigs)

45
Q

procumbent incisors

A

the lower incisors project forward. Can be used for cropping grass or grooming

46
Q

hypselodont incisors

A

long, chisel-shaped incisors found in rodents and lagomorphs. They have open roots and continuously grow as they are worn down

47
Q

caniniform incisors

A

these incisors are pointed and sharp. Allows the incisors to function like canines.

48
Q

zalambodont

A

crests arranged in a very narrow v shape

49
Q

dilamdodont

A

crests arrange in a narrow W shape

50
Q

diastema

A

space, especially between the incisors and cheek teeth

51
Q

didactylous

A

having only two digits

52
Q

chiropatagium

A

membrane of skin stretched between each of the bones of the hand.

53
Q

plagiopatagium

A

membrane that stretches between the forelimb and the side of the body

54
Q

uropatagium

A

membrane between the two legs that envelops the tail

55
Q

microchiroptera

A

insect eating smaller bats which use echolocation and specializations of the face to localize sound.

56
Q

calcar

A

cartilaginous rod that arises from the inner side of the ankle joint and supports the tail membrane.

57
Q

mesaxonic

A

main axis of the foot passes through the 3rd digit which is the primary weight-bearing digit. perissodactyls

58
Q

paraxonic

A

main axis of the artiodactyl foot passes between the 3rd and 4th digits

59
Q

sagittal and occipital crests

A

associate with muscle attachment in the skull

60
Q

gastrosteges

A

ventral scales in snakes - likely aid in locomotion

61
Q

what bones is the plastron formed from?

A

clavicle, interclavicle, and abdominal ribs (gastralia)

62
Q

tuatera skull

A

two temporal fenestrae. The orbit has the postorbital (dorsal) and jugal (ventral) ventral on the caudal side, The lower temporal fenestre has the squamosal (dorsal) and the quadrate (ventral) on its caudal side

63
Q

upper temporal arch

A

squamosal-postorbital

64
Q

metakinetic joint

A

hinge is located at the back of the braincase, between the parietal and supraocciptal bones. Only found in tuatera and some lizards. NOT snakes

65
Q

mesokinetic joint

A

the hinge of this joint is located between the frontal and the parietal bones. This is seen in many extant lizards

66
Q

prokinetic joint

A

hinge is located between the nasals and the prefrontal/frontal bones. Many snakes display this joint

67
Q

lower jaw joint

A

also known as streptostylic jaw joint. Probably the most important in terms of cranial kinesis of the snake jaw. Also present in other squamates. Direct result of the loss of the lower temporal arch.

68
Q

pleurodont tooth attachment

A

teeth are attached at the inside margin of the jaw

69
Q

acrodont tooth attachment

A

teeth are attached along the summit of the jaw bone

70
Q

aglyphous snake fangs

A

No grooves on the fangs. Most snakes which possess these are not venomous. Colubrids are aglyphous

71
Q

proteroglyphous

A

the fangs contain a deep groove - acts like a hollow needle. Borne toward the front of the maxilla and the fangs curve backwards into the mouth. Only found in elapids

72
Q

opistoglyphous

A

the the fangs are grooved and angled backwards at the rear of the maxilla. Snake must get prey into the back of the mouth to inject the venom. Found in colubrids

73
Q

solenoglyphous

A

allows the fang to be erect when the mouth is open. Snakes with this dentition have small, rotatable dentition with a fang on each maxilla. A canal is present in the tooth that connects to the venom gland. This type is only found in viperids

74
Q

scansors

A

present on the toepads of some lizards –> they use van der waals force for adhesion

75
Q

zygosphenes

A

extra facets in the vertebrae of snakes

76
Q

zygantra

A

extra facets in the vertebrae of snakes

77
Q

pneumatization

A

Bird bones are characterized by this. Very light, hollow, cylindrical bones supported by internal bony struts

78
Q

synsacrum

A

A structure found in Aves. It represents the fusion of the most caudal thoracic vertebrae, the lumbar and sacral vertebrae, and a few of the caudal vertebrae. The synsacrum is fused to the pelvic girdle.

79
Q

pygostyle

A

the caudal most caudal vertebrae that fuse to form the pygostyle, a structure which supports the tail feathers, or the retrices

80
Q

uncinate processes

A

flat, posterodorsally directed processes on the ribs that overlap with the ribs behind them

81
Q

furcula

A

Area of the fusion of the clavicles

82
Q

carina

A

large process extending ventrally from the sternum. Point of attachment for flight muscles. also called the sternal keel

83
Q

wing loading

A

Birds mass divided by total wing area. Generally increases along with the size of the bird

84
Q

aspect ratio

A

square of the wingspan divided by the wing area

85
Q

active soaring wings

A

long and narrow. Excellent for soaring over water as long as wing currents are available

86
Q

passive soaring wings

A

long and broad. Slotted primaries. Take advantage of thermal currents

87
Q

elliptical wings

A

broad wings with slotted primaries. Good for maneuvering through complex environments. However, they require flapping and are generally slower. Optimized for short, fast bursts. Low aspect ratio.

88
Q

high-speed wings

A

medium, long and narrow (high aspect ratio) - optimized for sustained speed. Equal distribution of primary and secondary flight feathers

89
Q

hovering wings

A

Optimized for hovering locomotion. Wings are small relative to body size and the wing has a lot of primary feathers relative to secondary feathers. Articulation occurs mostly at the shoulder instead of the wrist.

90
Q

camber

A

referring to the curvature of the wing. Camber helps to generate lift during flapping

91
Q

prokinesis

A

upper beak is hinged with the brain case

92
Q

abdominal pelvic fins

A

located toward the tail

93
Q

thoracic pelvic fins

A

located ventrally to the pectoral fins

94
Q

jugular pelvic fins

A

located in a position cranial to the pectoral fins

95
Q

gonopodium

A

modified anal fin which is used as an intermittent organ

96
Q

incisive foramina

A

lattice-like fenestrations on the facial portion of the maxilla

ZOOL 403 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions