Vertebral Exam Flashcards
How many articulations are there on each Vertebra
5
What are Cartilaginous Joints
Made from Fibrocartilage and Designed for Weight Bearing.
Also known as Symphysis joints
What are Articular surfaces covered by and what do they connect to?
Hyaline cartilage.
Connects to the fibrocartilage of the Intervertebral Disc.
What type of joints are the Superior and Inferior Articular Processes?
Synovial Joint.
What are Intervertebral Discs made of?
What’s the anatomy of The Disc?
Fibrocartilidge.
Annulus Fibrosus.
Nucleus Pulposus.
What do the Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments do?
Anterior is thick and prevents hyperextension.
Posterior is weaker and prevents hyper flexion.
What does the Ligamentum Flavum do?
Extends from lamina to lamina.
What does the Interspinous and Supraspinous ligaments attach to?
They attach the Spinous Processes together.
Interspinous connects the Processes.
Supraspinous connects the Tips.
What’s different about the Interspinous and Supraspinous ligaments within the cervical Spine?
They are thicker and form the Nuchal ligament.
What do the intertransverse ligaments do?
Extend between the transverse Processes.
What is the iliolumbar ligament?
Stretches between the L5-S1 Joint and attaches from the transverse Process of L5 - ilia of pelvis.
What are the three regions of the stress strain curve?
Toe Region.
Linear Region.
Yield and Failure Region.
Describe the Toe Region of the SSC:
- Begging phase that un crimples the tendon fibrils.
- Occurs due to 2% of strain.
Describe the Linear Region of the SSC:
- Upper limit of the tendon strain where collagen fibrils begin to stretch.
- Less that 4% of strain will allow tendon to return to original state.
This portion of elastic is reversible.
Describe the Yield and Failure Region:
- Stretches beyond physiological limit and fibres begin to fail.
- If failure continues it causes irreversible plastic deformation.
- Stretching beyond 8-10% causes macroscopic failure to soon occur.
What does Viscoelasticity mean?
How tendons react to strain.
Name all 3 types of viscoelasticity tendons:
- Creep.
- Stress Relaxation.
- Hysteresis or Energy Dissipation.
Explain the Creep phase of how a tendon reacts:
Indicates increasing deformation once constant load is applied.
Explain the Stress Relaxtion phase of how a tendon reacts:
Indicates stress acting upon a tendon will eventually reduce under a constant deformation.
Explain the Energy Dissipation phase of how a tendon reacts:
- The loading and unloading of stress causes different results after each rep.
- The difference in curvature represents the amount of energy lost during the load.
- After about 10 cycles the curve no longer changes and the amount of hysteresis is reduced allowing the S-SC to become reproducible.
How many grades are categorised in a Ligament Sprain?
3 Grades.
What does a Grade 1 Sprain consist of?
- Mild stretching of ligamentous tissue.
- No discontinuity of the ligament or clinical signs of excess laxity.
What does a Grade 2 Sprain consist of?
- Moderate stretching of ligament with some torn fibres.
- Enough are intact so the ligament has not failed.
- Abnormal joint laxity compared to uninsured side.
What does a Grade 3 Sprain consist of?
- Severe tearing.
- Nearly complete or complete ligament disruption with significant joint laxity.
How many stages of healing will a ligament sprain go through?
3 stages.
How long does the 1st stage of healing take and what does it do?
- Within the first 42-72 hours after injury.
- haemorrhaging and inflammation around the area.
- Blood rushes to the injured site and causes a blood clot that forms a lattice structure for cellular events to take place.
How long does the 2nd stage of healing take and what does it do?
- 48 hours after the injury and continues for 6 weeks.
- During the inflammatory stage cells are directed to the injury site to begin removing damaged cells.
- Scar tissue forms a dense cellular collagenous connective tissue matrix that bridges the torn ligament ends.
How long does the 3rd stage of healing take and what does it do?
- Days to weeks following injury.
- Begins to remodel and mature the tissue matrix, filling in defects of scar tissue causing the matrix to become similar in appearance as uninsured tissue.
- Although defects in composition and architecture, mechanical defects also remain.
What are the 7 layers of muscle called?
Semi-spinalis Capitis Iliocostalis Cervics Longissimus Cervics Longissimus Capitis Longissimus Thoracic Iliocostalis Thoracic Semi-spinalis Thoracic
What are the 3 muscle groups found within the Erector Spinae and what actions do they perform?
Spinalis - Extends and Rotates Head.
Longissimus - Rotates Head, Extension and Lateral Flexion of Spine.
Iliocostalis - Extension and Lateral Flexion of Spine.
Name all parts in the structure of a muscle:
- Periosteum
- Tendon
- Deep Fascia
- Skeletal
- Perimysium
- Epimysium
- Fascicle
- Endomysium
- Muscle Fibre
- Myofibril
Contraindications to Manual Therapy:
- Diabetes
- Joint Inflammation
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Osteoporosis
- Hypermobility
- Pregnancy
- Dizziness
What is the Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency Test?
- Used to assess the vertebral artery blood flow within the neck
- If positive signs a reduction in blood flow may result in a Transient Ischiamic Attack (TIA) possible stroke.
- Refer to hospital immediately
