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Anatomy > Vertebral column and spinal cord > Flashcards

Vertebral column and spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

Cervical

A

Uppermost region of the spine. Made of 7 vertebrae

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2
Q

Thoracic

A

Second region of the spine. Made up of 12 vertebrae

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3
Q

Lumbar

A

Third region of the spine. Made up of 5 vertebrae.

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4
Q

Sacrum

A

Fourth region of the spine. Made up of 5 vertebrae.

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5
Q

Vertebral Body

A

Anterior portion of vertebrae responsible for carrying 70% of the load.

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6
Q

Pedicle

A

Two bridge-like structures that connect the vertebral body and the vertebral arch.

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7
Q

Transverse process

A

Two processes on either side of C1- L5.

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8
Q

Transverse Foramen

A

Two small wholes on either side of C1-C7.

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9
Q

Articular Process/facet

A

Structures that connect two adjacent vertebrae. Cervical: 45 degrees
Thoracic: 90 degrees
Lumbar : 90 degrees facing each other

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10
Q

Lamina

A

The roof of the spinal canal that provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord.

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11
Q

Spinous Process

A

Spiny structure on posterior side of each vertebrae from C2-L5

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12
Q

Atlas

A

First cervical vertebra, no spinous process, dens facet.

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13
Q

Axis

A

Second cervical vertebra, first with bifurcated spinous process (C2-C6), dens.

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14
Q

Uncinate process

A

Bony projection, in the superior surface of the vertebral body, forms the uncovertebral joint with the body of the cervical vertebra above.

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15
Q

Dens

A

Superior projecting bony element on C2, attaches to dens facet of atlas and facilitates cervical rotation.

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16
Q

Bifurcate

A

To split in two (S.P of C2-C6)

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17
Q

Sacral Promontory

A

The superior aspect of the sacrum, articulates superiorly with the L5 vertebral body of the lumbar spine. This arrangement forms the lumbosacral joint.

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18
Q

Anterior/Posterior Sacral foramina

A

four holes on anterior side of sacrum, sacral nerves and blood vessels pass through these openings.

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19
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Middle opening of each vertebra from C1 to L5.

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20
Q

Vertebral Canal

A

Formed by all the vertebral foramen. The spinal cord is located inside the vertebral canal.

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21
Q

Zygapophyseal/facet joints

A

Joints formed by adjacent articulating processes.

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22
Q

Intervertebral Disc

A

Made of annulus fibrosus (outer layer) and nucleus pulposus (inner layer), resonsible for shock absorption, support, flexibilty etc.

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23
Q

Ligament Nuchae

A

Ligament covering S.P of C1 to C6, supports the cervical spine and allows for flexion whilst limiting excessive movement.

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24
Q

Supraspinous Ligament

A

Ligament attached to spinous processes, responsible for spine stability and prevent hyperflexion of spine.

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25
Q

Interspinous ligament

A

Ligaments in between adjacent spinous processes. Activated in flexion, extension, sidebending, and rotation.

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26
Q

External occipital protuberance.

A

Posterior notch on occipital region of skull. Proximal attachment for ligament nuchae and distal attachment for trapezius.

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27
Q

Intertransverse ligament

A

LIgaments in between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae

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28
Q

Ligamentum Flavum

A

thick, paired ligament in the spinal canal that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. I

29
Q

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)

A

Ligament that runs down the anterior side of vertebral bodies, narrow cranially, broad caudally

30
Q

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

A

Ligament that runs down posterior side of vertebral bodies (inside vertebral canal), Broad cranially, narrow caudally.

31
Q

Tectorial Membrane

A

Continuation of PLL in the upper two segments, broad and strong

32
Q

Transverse ligament of atlas

A

Extends medially from lateral mass of the atlass on either side. Maintains the dens of axis in contact with anterior arch of atlas

33
Q

Apical ligament

A

fibrous ligament runs down from the skull to the axis, anterior to PLL.

34
Q

Alar ligament

A

Ligament that connect axis to skull, originates from either side of the dens, anterior to PLL.

35
Q

Iliolumbar ligament

A

Connects L5 and L4 (from transverse processes) to ilium.

36
Q

Lumbosacral ligament

A

Connects L5 to sacrum (from tansverse processes)

37
Q

Disc herniation

A

An injury to a spinal disc that occurs when part or all of the disc is forced through a weakened part of the spine.

38
Q

Annulus Fibrosus

A

Outermost layer of the intervertebral discs. Made of collagen and have blood/nerve supply.

39
Q

Nucleus Pulposus

A

Innermost layer of the intervertebral discs.
Made of over 80% water, no blood or nerve supply.

40
Q

Bulge

A

1st stage of disc herniation, Nucleus pulposa still inside annulus fibrosus.

41
Q

Protrusion

A

2nd stage of disc herniation. Nucelus pulposa is being forced out of the disc. The annulus fibrosus has not been broken yet.

42
Q

Extrusion

A

3rd stage of disc herniation. Nucleus pulposa is beginning to escape the annulus fibrosus.

43
Q

Sequestration

A

4th stage of disc herniation. Nucleus pulposa is now leaking out of the disc into the spinal column. The detached disc fragment, also called a free fragment, can put pressure on spinal nerves and cause symptoms: pain, tingling, weakness, etc.

44
Q

Functional Spinal Unit

A

Two adjacent vertebra and their joints. These joints include the IV disc, and the zygapophyseal or facet joints. Anterior column (body) with holds 70% of stress along the spine. Posterior column (arch) withholds 30% of stress and its pedicles for the IV foramen where spinal nerve exits.

45
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Initiates at the foramen magnum. Spinal cord ends at the T12-L2 level. Enlarges at cervical and lumbar regions.

46
Q

Gray matter

A

Make up inner most part of spinal cord and unmyelinated rami

47
Q

Anterior/ventral horn

A

Responsible for motor functions

48
Q

Posterior/dorsal horn

A

Responsible sensory functions

49
Q

Intermediolateral horn

A

T1-L2: sympathetic; S2-S4: parasympathetic

50
Q

Sympathetic

A

Freeze, fight or flight. Danger division of the visceral motor system.

51
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest. Idle division of the visceral motor system.

52
Q

White matter

A

axonal tracts, mainly myelinated (faster conduction)

53
Q

Central Canal

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows down- protection

54
Q

Pia Mater

A

Innermost layer of procective meninge. Directly around spinal cord.

55
Q

Denticulate Ligament

A

Ligament formed from the pia mater. Stabilizes spinal cord within the vertebral canal.

56
Q

Filum Terminale Internum

A

Ligament formed by the pia mater. Inside spinal cord

57
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle protective layer of the spinal cord, Spider web-like

58
Q

Dura mater

A

Outermost protective layer of spinal cord. Thick and strong.

59
Q

Filum terminale externum

A

Continuation of the filum terminale internum. Formed by the dura mater. Passes through sacral hiatus and attaches to the coccyx

60
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Cone shape at the end of the spinal cord. (L1-L2)

61
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Ponytail shaped bundle of nerve roots at the end of the spinal cord that provides motor and sensory innervation to the legs, bladder, anus, and perineum.

62
Q

Neuron

A

cell body or soma :1, axon (0 or 1), dendrites (could have infinite)

63
Q

Soma

A

Cell body, contains cell nucleus and other organelles.

64
Q

Axon

A

The elongated portion of the neuron located in the center of the cell between the soma and axon terminals

65
Q

Dendrite

A

tree-like extensions at the beginning of a neuron that receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation to the cell body

66
Q

Caudal

A

towards coccyx

67
Q

Cranial

A

towards cranium

Anatomy (25 decks)

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