Vertebral Column

Question 0

What are the primary (kyphotic) curves?

Answer 0

Thoracic, sacrococcygeal

Question 1

How many of each type of vertebra?

Answer 1

Cervical.  7
Thoracic. 12
Lumbar. 5
Sacral 5 (Fused)
Coccygeal 4 (fused)
= 26 or 33, depending on how you count.  (24 true freely moving vertebra)

Question 2

What are the secondary (lordotic) curves?

Answer 2

Cervical and lumbar

Question 3

What are the components of the axial skeleton?

Answer 3

Vertebral column + skull + sternum + ribs + sacrum + coccyx

Question 4

What distinguishes the lumbar from the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 4

1) Lumbar: mammillary and accessory processes
Thoracic: superior/inferior (Demi) costal and transverse costal facets.
2) thoracic: smaller foramen
3) thoracic: SA facets in frontal plane; lumbar: saggital
4) thoracic: spinal process inferiorly angled

Question 5

What are the typical Thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 5

T2-8

Question 6

What is atypical about T1?

Answer 6

One costal facet on each side instead of 2 demifacets

Question 7

What is atypical about T9-12?

Answer 7

Only one costal facet

T11 & 12 missing transverse costal facet

T12 inferior articular facets in saggital plane

Question 8

What are the typical lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 8

L1-4

Question 9

What is atypical about L5?

Answer 9

Body is wedge shaped (thicker anteriorly)

Inferior articular facets face forward (slightly more coronal)

Question 10

What joints are associated with the lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 10

Lumbosacral (L5-S1)
Zygapophyseal (articular facets)
Intervertebral (inferior and superior facets)

Lumbar (t12-l1, then between all the Ls)
Zygapophyseal
Intervertebral

Question 11

What are the joints of the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 11

Intervertebral
Zygapophyseal
Costovertebral
Costotransverse

Question 12

What type of bone are ribs?

Answer 12

Flat

Question 13

What joints are associated with the rib cage?

Answer 13

Sternocostal (sternum -rib)
Costovertebral (rib-vertebra/superior-inferior articulating facets)
Costotransverse (rib - vertebra/transverse costal facet)

Question 14

True/false/floating ribs

Answer 14

True: R1-7 (attach directly to sternum)
False: R8-10 (attach indirectly to sternum)
Floating: R11-12 (don’t attach to sternum)

Question 15

What is atypical about R1?

Answer 15

Shortest and curviest.
Only one facet on head (thus no inter articular crest)
No angle, no costal groove
Has two superior grooves: 1) subclavian vein (ant) 2) subclavian artery (post)
Scalene tubercle between groove and rough area for muscle attachment

Question 16

What is atypical about R2?

Answer 16

Missing groove

Rough area for attachment of scalene

Question 17

What is atypical about R10?

Answer 17

Only one facet at head, so no interarticular crest

May not have tubercle

Question 18

What is atypical about R11 & R12?

Answer 18

Only one facet at head, no interarticular crest
No tubercle
Pointy anterior end for articular cartilage attachment
R11: slight angle and slight groove
R12: no costal groove

Question 19

What are the joints of the sternum?

Answer 19

Sternocostal (sternum-rib)
Sternoclavicular (sternum-clavicle)
Xiphysternal (xiphoid process-body of sternum)
Manubriosternal (manubrium-sternal)

Question 20

Which are the typical ribs?

Answer 20

R3-9

Question 21

Features of typical ribs:

Answer 21

Two facets at head (posterior)
Inferior: articulates the same numbered vertebra
Superior: articulates with vertebra above
Interarticular crest separates the two facets.
Tubercle: made up of an articular (w/facet if TVP) and non-articular surface
Angle (directional change): muscle attachment
Costal Groove: inferior/internal. VAN passage

Question 22

Uncinate processes

Answer 22

Unique to c-spine
Lateral on superior surface
Ant/post on inferior surfaces

Question 23

Why are c-spine spinous processes bifid?

Answer 23

To allow for extension

Question 24

Superior articulating process (sacrum)

Answer 24

Posterior and slightly medially facing

Articulate with L5

Question 25

Transverse lines/ridges (sacrum)

Answer 25

Anterior surface

Where vertebral bodies fused.

Question 26

Sacral promontory

Answer 26

At s1 where the weight from lumbar spine is transferred; centre of gravity.

Question 27

Anterior/posterior sacral foramina

Answer 27

Allows the ventral and dorsal sacral nerves to exit.

Question 28

Pedicals (sacrum)

Answer 28

Between sacral foramina and lateral sacral crest

Question 29

Lamina (sacral)

Answer 29

In between median and intermediate crests

Question 30

Sacral canal

Answer 30

Space for spinal cord/nerves

Question 31

Aurical surface (sacrum)

Answer 31

Joint surface for SI joint

Question 32

Median sacral crest

Answer 32

Fused spinous process

Question 33

Intermediate sacral crest

Answer 33

Fused articular processes

Question 34

Lateral sacral crest

Answer 34

Fused transverse processes

Question 35

Sacral tuberosity

Answer 35

Ligament attachment

Question 36

Sacral hiatus

Answer 36

Infused lamina in s5

Question 37

Sacral Cornu

Answer 37

Lateral extension of sacral hiatus. Ligament attachment.

Question 38

Lamina

Answer 38

Muscle attachment

Question 39

Pedicle

Answer 39

Attach arch to vertebral body.

Question 40

Vertebral notches

Answer 40

Superior/inferior

Form intervertebral foramen for nerve roots to exit through.

Question 41

Spinous processes

Answer 41

Muscle attachment

Question 42

Mammillary processes

Answer 42

Unique to L spine
On posterior/superior articular processes
Muscle attachment

Question 43

Accessory processes

Answer 43

Unique to L-spine
Located inferior to the base of TVP
Muscle attachment

Question 44

Superior/inferior articular processes

Answer 44

Location for facets of zygapophyseal joints.