Verbs Flashcards

1
Q

Give 5 distributional qualities of verbs with examples

A
Follow certain adverbs - often/frequently cries
Negated by not - I did not speak
Follow infinitive markers (to) - to go
Follow modal (am/are) - am eating
Follow auxiliaries (will) - will buy
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2
Q

Give some morphological qualities of verbs, with examples.

A

Suffixes can be -ed or -ing

Sometimes, prefixes can be re-

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3
Q

Explain the three types of verbs. Give examples

A

Intransitive - one participant “Gatha laughed”
Transitive - two participants “Gatha broke the cup”
Ditransitive - three participants “Andy gave Gatha the flower”

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4
Q

Give some properties of participants

A

They are not always people

Two parts paired by “and” count as on participant

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5
Q

What is an ambitransitive verb? Give examples

A

A verb that can vary in transitivity
In-> Trans= Gatha ate (the food)
Trans->Di=Andy bought (Gatha) a drink

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6
Q

Give the 5 grammatical categories of verbs

A

Agreement, Changing Valence, Tense, Aspect and Mood

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7
Q

Explain tense

A

the point of an event in time (past present future)

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8
Q

How many tenses does English have, morphologically?

A

Two - past (-ed) and non past (-ing/-s)

Future is indicated with the auxiliary “will”

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9
Q

Give two ways languages can distinguish tenses

A

past and non past (English)

future and non future

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10
Q

How does past tense vary between languages?

A

Some, such as Chinook, have different suffixes to express how long ago in the past the event occured
-recently, just now, a long time go
Spanish = preterite and imperfect

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11
Q

Explain aspect

A

Aspect marks whether an event is ongoing or completed

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12
Q

How is aspect shown in English?

A

Morphologically: Progressive = -ing, Perfective = -ed

Combined with auxiliaries

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13
Q

How do other languages indicate aspect?

A

Others, like Spanish, solely distinguish with morphology

habl-o = present, habl-aba = past

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14
Q

Explain mood

A

Mark the degree of certainty

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15
Q

What are the two different moods?

A

Indicative: used when discussing actual events
Subjunctive: used to discuss hypotheticals (In some languages)

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16
Q

Explain changing valence

A

Some languages can increase/decrease the valence of a verb

17
Q

What is valence

A

The number of participants in a verb

18
Q

Give examples of languages that can change valence

A

Kinyurwanda uses an applicative morpheme to increase valency by adding a new object
Chichewa uses a passive morpheme to decrease valency

19
Q

Explain agreement

A

Verb endings can agree with their arguments, marking various properties of the NP

20
Q

How does English mark agreement?

A

Third person singular suffix -s

21
Q

Give an example of how another language marks agreement

A

Gunin marks 1/5 possible genders