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BRS - Cardio > Ventilation + Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Ventilation + Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

volume of air expired in 1 minute or per minute

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2
Q

What is respiratory rate?

A

frequency of breathing per minute

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3
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

volume of air reaching the respiratory zone per minute

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4
Q

What is respiration?

A

process of generating ATP either with or without O2

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5
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

capacity of the airways incapable of undertaking gas exchange

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6
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

capacity of the airways that should be bale to undertake gas exchange but can’t

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7
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A

equivalent to the sum of anatomical + alveolar dead space

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8
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

deficient ventilation of the lungs, unable to meet metabolic demands

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9
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

excessive ventilation of the lungs atop of metabolic demands

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10
Q

What is hyperpnoea?

A

increased depth of breathing (to meet metabolic demand)

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11
Q

What is hypopnoea?

A

decreased depth of breathing (no air movement)

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12
Q

What is apnoea?

A

cessation of breathing (no air movement)

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13
Q

What is dyspnoea?

A

difficulty in breathing

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14
Q

What is bradypnoea?

A

abnormally slow breathing rate

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15
Q

What is tachypnoea?

A

abnormally fast breathing rate

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16
Q

What is orthopnoea?

A

positional difficulty in breathing (when lying down)

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17
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

gas entering + leaving the lungs

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18
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

gas entering + leaving the alveoli

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19
Q

How is minute ventilation calculated?

A

tidal volume (L) x breathing frequency (breaths/min)

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20
Q

What are the units of minute + alveolar ventilation?

A

L/min

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21
Q

How is alveolar ventilation calculated?

A

( tidal volume (L) - dead space (L) ) x breathing frequency (breaths/min)

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22
Q

What 5 factors affect lung volumes + capacities?

A

body size, fitness, sex, disease, age

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23
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Normal inspiration + expiration

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24
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Inspiration above tidal volume

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25
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

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26
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Expiration below tidal volume

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27
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Lung volume left after expiration

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28
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Expiratory reserve capacity + residual capacity

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29
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Expiration after max inhalation

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30
Q

What is non-perfused parenchyma?

A
  • Alveoli without a blood supply
  • No gas exchange
  • Typically 0 mL in adults
  • Called alveolar dead space
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31
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A
  • 7 generations
  • Gas exchange
  • Typically 350 mL in adults
  • Air reaching here is equivalent to alveolar ventilation
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32
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A
  • 16 generations
  • No gas exchange
  • Typically 150 mL in adults at FRC
  • Equivalent to anatomical dead space
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33
Q

What zone is equivalent to anatomical dead space?

A

conducting zone

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34
Q

What zone is equivalent alveolar ventilation?

A

respiratory zone

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35
Q

What zone is equivalent alveolar dead space?

A

non-perfused parenchyma

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36
Q

How can you reversibly decrease dead space?

A
  • Tracheostomy

* Cricothyrocotomy

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37
Q

How can you reversibly increase dead space?

A
  • Anaesthetic

* Circuit snorkelling

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38
Q

What is the chest wall’s main tendency?

A

tendency to spring outward

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39
Q

What is the lung tissue’s main tendency?

A

tendency to recoil inwards

40
Q

When are chest wall and lung tissue forces in equilibrium?

A

end-tidal expiration or functional residual capacity (FRC) - the neutral position of the chest

41
Q

When does inspiration of the lungs + chest occur?

A

inspiratory muscle effort + chest recoil > lung recoil

42
Q

When does expiration of the lungs + chest occur?

A

Expiratory muscle effort + lung recoil > chest recoil

43
Q

What membrane are the lungs surrounded by?

A

visceral pleural membrane

44
Q

What is the inner surface of the chest wall covered in?

A

parietal pleural membrane

45
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

the gap between the pleural membranes

46
Q

What does the pleural cavity contain?

A

protein-rich pleural fluid + fixed volume

47
Q

What is the haemothorax?

A

accumulation of blood within the pleural cavity

48
Q

What is the pneumothorax?

A

presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity - causes collapse of lung

49
Q

What can cause pneumothorax?

A

perforated chest wall, punctured lung

50
Q

What can cause haemothorax?

A

intrapleural bleeding

51
Q

What drives flow of air in + out of lungs in terms of pressure?

A

pressure gradients

52
Q

What is negative pressure breathing?

A

alveolar pressure reduced below atmospheric pressure

53
Q

What is positive pressure breathing?

A

atmospheric pressure increased above alveolar pressure

54
Q

What is an example of negative pressure breathing?

A

normal breathing

55
Q

What are 3 examples of positive pressure breathing?

A
  • mechanical ventilation
  • CPR
  • fighter pilots
56
Q

What are transmural pressure?

A

pressure difference between the inside and outside of the lungs

57
Q

What is the result of negative transrespiratory pressure?

A

inspiration

58
Q

What is the result of positive transrespiratory pressure?

A

expiration

59
Q

What kind of force does the diaphragm have?

A

pulling force in one direction

60
Q

What kind of force does the other respiratory muscles have?

A

upwards + outwards swinging force

61
Q

What is spirometry?

A

common test to assess lungs - measures how much air is inhaled + exhaled and how quickly

62
Q

What does P stand for?

A

partial pressure (kPa or mmHg)

63
Q

What does F stand for?

A

fraction (%)

64
Q

What does S stand for?

A

Hb saturation (%)

65
Q

What does C stand for?

A

content (mL)

66
Q

What does Hb stand for?

A

Volume bound to Hb (mL)

67
Q

What does I stand for?

A

inspired

68
Q

What does E stand for?

A

expired

69
Q

What does A stand for?

A

alveolar

70
Q

What does a stand for?

A

arterial

71
Q

What does v stand for?

A

mixed venous

72
Q

What does P stand for?

A

peripheral

73
Q

What does D stand for?

A

dissolved

74
Q

What is the Dalton law?

A

pressure of a gas mixture = sum (Σ) of partial pressures(P) of gases in that mixture

75
Q

What is the Fick law?

A

molecules diffuse from rhigh conc to low conc at a rate proportional to the
concentration gradient (P1-P2), the exchange surface area (A) and the diffusion capacity (D) of the gas, and
inversely proportional to the thickness of the exchange surface (T)
or
Vgas = (A/T)D(P1-P2)

76
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

at a constant temp, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of
liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid

77
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

at constant temp, volume of gas is inversely proportional to pressure of gas

78
Q

What is Charles’ law?

A

at a constant pressure, volume of gas is proportional to temp of gas

79
Q

What 4 processes happen to air as it passes down the respiratory tract?

A
  • warmed
  • humidified
  • slowed
  • mixed
80
Q

What is total O2 delivery at reast?

A

16 mL/min

81
Q

What is the resting volume of O2?

A

250 mL/min

82
Q

What problems does the difference in total O2 delivery and resting volume of O2 cause?

A

body can’t rely on dissolved oxygen alone - therefore body needs more effective transport mechanism

83
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin monomers?

A

tetrapyyrole porphyrin ring w/ ferrous iron ion in the centre covalently bonded at the proximal histamine residue to a protein chain

84
Q

What happens when oxygen binds to one of Hb’s 4 binding sites?

A

the affinity to oxygen for the remaining available binding sites increases

85
Q

What is cooperative binding?

A

when one of the binding sites is full, the affinity at the others increases

86
Q

Why is Hb an allosteric protein?

A

binding of oxygen to Hb causes a conformational change in the protein structure

87
Q

Why is Hb’s cooperative binding useful?

A
  • in oxygen-rich areas = higher oxygen affinity = more oxygen loading
  • in oxygen-starved areas = lower oxygen affinity = more oxygen unloading
88
Q

What does an oxygen-dissociation curve look like?

A

sigmoidal curve
x-axis = oxygen partial pressure
y-axis = oxygen saturation

89
Q

What does a leftward shift in the oxygen-dissociation curve mean?

A 
INCREASED affinity
• Lower temperature
• Alkalosis
• Hypocapnia ( ↓ CO2 )
• Decreased 2,3-DPG
90
Q

What does a rightward shift in the oxygen-dissociation curve mean?

A 
DECREASED affinity
• Higher temperature
• Acidosis (Bohr effect)
• Hypercapnia ( ↑ CO2 )
• Increased 2,3-DPG
91
Q

What does a downward shift in the oxygen-dissociation curve mean?

A

DECREASED oxygen carrying capacity

• Anaemia

92
Q

What does a upward shift in the oxygen-dissociation curve mean?

A

INCREASED oxygen carrying capacity

• Polycythaemia

93
Q

What is the difference between HbA and HbF in terms of O2 affinity?

A

HbF has greater affinity for O2 to extract oxygen from mothers blood in placenta

94
Q

What is the difference between HbA and myoglobin in terms of O2 affinity?

A

myoglobin has higher affinity than HbA to extract oxygen from circulating blood + store it

95
Q

What makes gas exchange in the lungs so efficient?

A
  • alveoli have high SA:V ratio
  • alveoli covered in high density of capillaries
  • walls of alveoli are v thin
  • covered in fluid extra-cellular matrix that provides surface for gas exchange
  • partial pressure gradients allow for loading of O2 + unloading of CO2

BRS - Cardio (15 decks)

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