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BRS - Cardio > Structure + Function of Airways > Flashcards

Structure + Function of Airways Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of branching do the airways have?

A

dichotomous branching

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2
Q

How is the trachea held open?

A

using cartilage

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3
Q

Why does the trachea have a gap in the back?

A

gap for the oesophagus

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4
Q

How are the lungs sectioned off?

A

superior lobes, middle lobes, inferior lobes

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5
Q

How is the trachea sectioned off?

A

trachea → primary bronchi → secondary (lobar) bronchi → tertiary (segmental) bronchi → bronchioles

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6
Q

What is the pathway of air from the bronchioles to the alveoli?

A

terminal bronchiole → respiratory bronchiole → alveoli duct → alveoli

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7
Q

What cells are found in the alveolar region?

A

→ type 1 cell
→ type 2 cell
→ macrophages
→ stromal cells (fibroblasts)

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8
Q

Why do alveoli have intimate contact with the capillary endothelium?

A

to allow for gas exchange across the two membranes

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9
Q

What is a Type 1 cell?

A

makes up the walls, very thin + delicate barrier for gas exchange

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10
Q

What is a Type 2 cell?

A

replicates to replace type 1 cells, secretes surfactant + antiproteases, has xenobiotic metabolism

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11
Q

Why do Type 2 cells secrete surfactant?

A

to reduce surface tension - prevents collapse of the alveolus + prevents sticking together of inner walls

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12
Q

Why are fibroblasts present in the alveoli?

A

produce the matrix that holds alveoli together

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13
Q

What percentage of alveolar surfaces are covered in Type 1 + 2 cells respectively?

A

Type 1 = 95%

Type 2 = 5%

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14
Q

Are there more Type 1 cells or Type 2 cells?

A

Type 2

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15
Q

What are the basic functions of the airways?

A

gas exchange (conduct O2 to alveoli, conduct CO2 out of lung)

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16
Q

What 3 factors facilitate the functions of the airways?

A

→ mechanical stability (cartilage)
→ control of calibre (smooth muscle)
→ protection + ‘cleansing’

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17
Q

What are the 2 main nasal passageways?

A

pharynx + conchae

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18
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the pharynx as a passageway?

A

foods, liquids + air

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the conchae as a passageway?

A

highly vascular - contributes to warming + humidification of intra-nasally-inhaled air - nasal hairs filter out large particles

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21
Q

What is the organisation of airway structures? (from out to in)

A

→ smooth muscle cells + mast cells
→ submucosal glands + blood vessels + fibroblasts
→ epithelial ciliated cells + goblet cells
→ airway lumen

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22
Q

What are the 7 airway call types?

A 
→ lining
→ contractile
→ secretory
→ connective
→ neuroendocrine
→ vascular
→ immune
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23
Q

What are examples of lining cells?

A

ciliated, intermediate, brush basal

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24
Q

What are examples of contractile cells?

A

Smooth muscle (airway, vasculature)

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25
Q

What are examples of secretory cells?

A

Goblet (epithelium), mucous, serous (glands)

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26
Q

What are examples of connective cells?

A

Fibroblast, interstitial cell (elastin, collagen, cartilage)

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27
Q

What are examples of neuroendocrine cells?

A

Nerves, ganglia, neuroendocrine cells, neuroepithelial bodies

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28
Q

What are examples of vascular cells?

A

Endothelial, pericyte, plasma cell (+ smooth muscle)

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29
Q

What are examples of immune cells?

A

Mast cell, dendritic cell, lymphocyte, eosinophil, macrophage, neutrophil

30
Q

What is the main purpose of goblet cells?

A

secrete mucus in order to protect the mucous membranes

31
Q

How do goblet cells accomplish their main purpose?

A

secreting mucins continuously in order to repair + replace existing mucus layer

32
Q

What is a mucin?

A

large glycoproteins formed mostly by carbohydrates

33
Q

What’s responsible for the gel-like properties of mucin?

A

glycans (bound carbohydrates) - attracting relatively large quantities of water

34
Q

How are mucins stored?

A

stored in in granules onside the goblet cells before being released to the lumen of the organ

35
Q

How is mucin secretion stimulated?

A

stimulated by irritants e.g. dust + smoke

36
Q

How is mucus in the airways swept away?

A

→ mucociliary clearance - cilia of the respiratory endothelium
→ propelled form lungs + out of pharynx

37
Q

What are the benefits of mucociliary clearance?

A

results in removal of debris + pathogens

38
Q

What are submucosal glands made up of?

A

mucous acini + serious acini

39
Q

What is an acini?

A

any cluster of cells that resembles a many-lobed “berry”

40
Q

What do the mucous acini + serious acini do?

A 
m = secrete mucus
s = secrete anti-bacterial
41
Q

What function do the submucosal glands have?

A

→ secretion of mucus, water + salts (e.g. Na+ + Cl-)
→ physical barriers
→ production of regulatory + inflammatory mediators

42
Q

What are the regulatory + inflammatory mediators released by submucosal glands?

A 
→ Nitric oxide (NO)  
→ Carbon monoxide (CO)
→ Arachidonic acid metabolites (e.g. prostaglandins via COX)
→ Chemokines (e.g. (IL)-8 )
→ Cytokines (e.g. GM-CSF)
→ Proteases
43
Q

How is nitric oxide produced in the airways?

A

via nitric oxide synthase

44
Q

How is carbon monoxide produced in the airways?

A

via hemeoxygenase

45
Q

What staining can be used to identify NOS?

A

brown staining

46
Q

What happens to the structure of airway smooth muscle due to inflammation?

A

hypertrophy + proliferation

47
Q

What happens to the tone of airway smooth muscle due to inflammation?

A

contraction + relaxation

48
Q

What does airway smooth muscle secrete in response to inflammation?

A

mediators + cytokines + chemokines

49
Q

What role does airway smooth muscle play in asthma?

A

airway narrowing

50
Q

What percentage of tracheo-bronchial circulation makes up cardiac output ?

A

1-5%

51
Q

What is the approx blood flow to airway mucosa?

A

100-150 mL/min/100g tissue

52
Q

Where do bronchial arteries arise from?

A

many sites on the aorta, intercostal arteries, etc.

53
Q

What vessels return blood from tracheal circulation?

A

systemic veins

54
Q

What vessels return blood from bronchial circulation?

A

bronchial + pulmonary veins to both sides of the heart

55
Q

What are some purposes of tracheo-bronchial circulation?

A

→ good gas exchange
→ contributes to warming + humidification of inspired air
→ clears inflammatory mediators
→ clears inhaled drugs (good/bad, depending on drug
→ supplies airway tissue + lumen w/ inflammatory cells
→ supplies airway tissue + lumen w/ proteinaceous plasma)

56
Q

What nerves control airway function?

A

→ parasympathetic (cholinergic)
→ sympathetic (adrenergic?)
→ sensory

57
Q

What regulatory + inflammatory mediators control airway function?

A

→ histamine
→ arachidonic acid metabolites (e.g. prostaglandins, leukotrienes)
→ cytokines
→ chemokines

58
Q

What other aspects control airway function?

A

→ proteinases + proteases (neutrophil elastase)

→ reactive gas species (e.g. O2, NO)

59
Q

What main nerve does a lot of innervation for the airways?

A

vagus (X)

60
Q

What afferent pathways run through the vagus nerve?

A

sensory neurones from sub-cerebral nodose + jugular ganglion

61
Q

What efferent pathways run through the vagus nerve?

A

parasympathetic ‘motor’ (cholinergic) neurones

62
Q

Are there any sympathetic pathways for the control of the airways?

A

no <3

63
Q

What is the main parasympathetic neurotransmitter in the airways?

A

Acetylcholine - regulated bronchoconstriction - mucus secretion

64
Q

What nervous pathways cause airway constriction?

A

parasympathetic

65
Q

What nervous pathways cause the airways to relax?

A

nerves that release nitric oxide

66
Q

What 5 regulatory-inflammatory cells are usually present in the airways?

A 
→ eosinophils
→ neutrophils
→ macrophages
→ mast cells
→ T-lymphocytes
67
Q

What are the functions of the regulatory-inflammatory cells?

A
  • Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
  • Secretions (mucin, water etc)
  • Plasma exudation
  • Neural modulation
  • Chemotaxis
  • Remodelling
68
Q

What respiratory diseases involve loss of airway control?

A
  • asthma
  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • cystic fibrosis
69
Q

What is asthma?

A

clinical syndrome characterised by increased airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli

70
Q

What are symptoms of asthma?

A
  • dyspnoea (shortness of breath)
  • wheezing
  • cough
71
Q

What are the consequences of asthma?

A

leads to airway obstruction, mucus hypersecretion, mucus plugs etc.

BRS - Cardio (15 decks)

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