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BRS - Cardio > Control of Lung Function > Flashcards

Control of Lung Function Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the brain + spinal chord innervates the lungs?

A

medulla oblongata ( + pons region )

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2
Q

What are the 4 parts of the brain + spinal chord that innervate the lungs?

A
  • Dorsal respiratory group
  • Ventral respiratory group
  • Apneustic centre
  • Pneumotaxic centre
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3
Q

What does the dorsal respiratory group do?

A
  • Inspiratory centre
  • Main ‘controller’ of inspiration
  • Set the ‘rate’
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4
Q

What does the ventral respiratory group do?

A
  • Expiratory centre
  • Inactive during quiet breathing
  • Inhibits apneustic centre
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5
Q

What does the apneustic centre do?

A
  • Stimulates activity in DRG

* Inhibited by pulmonary afferents

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6
Q

What does the pneumotaxic centre do?

A
  • The ‘inspiratory off switch’

* Regulates depth & frequency

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7
Q

How does the dorsal respiratory group affect other centres + groups?

A

• inactivates the ventral respiratory group

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8
Q

How does the ventral respiratory group affect other centres + groups?

A
  • inactivates the dorsal respiratory group

* inactivates the apneustic centre

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9
Q

How does the apneustic centre affect other centres + groups?

A

• stimulates activity in dorsal respiratory centre

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10
Q

How does the pneumotaxic centre affect other centres + groups?

A

• inhibits activity in the dorsal respiratory group

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11
Q

How does the pneumotaxic centre regulate the apneustic one?

A

when a threshold frequency is hit, the pneumotaxic centre inhibits the apneustic one + causes a period of latency before the the apneustic centre can start again - called quiet breathing

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12
Q

What motor nerves innervate the skeletal muscles of the lungs?

A
  • phrenic nerve from C3 to C5 innervates diaphragm

* intercostal nerves from T1 to T11 innervate intercostal muscles

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13
Q

What are the internal intercostal muscles + accessory respiratory muscles responsible for?

A

expiration

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14
Q

What are the external intercostal muscles + diaphragm responsible for?

A

inspiration

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15
Q

What ganglion + nerves are involved in parasympathetic innervation of the lungs?

A

jugular ganglion + nodose ganglion + vagus nerve (all coming from brainstem medulla)

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16
Q

What ganglion + nerves are involved in sympathetic innervation of the lungs?

A

superior cervical ganglion + lots of innervation from C1 to T12

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17
Q

What are the junctions between cells like in normal capillaries?

A

H2O filled gap junctions

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18
Q

What are the junctions between cells like in the BBB (blood brain barrier) capillaries?

A

continuous capillaries with tight junctions

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19
Q

Why are the tight junctions of the BBB capillaries important?

A

only lets small molecules (e.g. CO2 pass through) + restricts large + charged molecules (e.g. H+ ions, etc.)

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20
Q

How are levels of O2 detected in the medulla?

A
  • central chemoreceptors on surface of the medulla - looks for changes pH as a result of increased CO2 in CSF
  • peripheral chemoreceptors in the arterial blood for O2 + CO2
21
Q

When do CO2 levels in the blood rise?

A

during increased metabolic use of O2, e.g. exercise

22
Q

How is CO2 converted + transported in the bloodstream?

A
  • CO2 → H2CO3 (carbonic acid, enzyme: CARBONIC ANHYDRASE

* H2CO3 → HCO3- (bicarbonate ions) + H+, no enxyme for acid disassociation

23
Q

How does a build-up of CO2 change pH?

A

increased CO2 = increased H+ ions = decreased pH

24
Q

How do respiratory centres react when blood pH falls?

A

pH sensors in brain stem respond immediately + cause RCs to INCREASE rate + depth of breathing

25
Q

What are the 3 pulmonary afferents that affect ventilation?

A
  • irritant receptors
  • stretch receptors
  • J receptors
26
Q

What are irritant receptors?

A
  • embedded within + beneath airway epithelium
  • leads to coughing - forceful expiration against closed glottis w/ sudden glottal opneing + high velocity expulsion of air
27
Q

What are stretch receptors?

A

• activated by excessive inflation of lungs
• afferent signals to respiratory centres
inhibit DRG + apneustic centre +
stimulate pneumotaxic + VRG
• inspiration inhibited + expiration
stimulated

28
Q

What are J receptors?

A
  • sensitive to oedema + pulmonary capillary engorgement

* increases breathing frequency

29
Q

What is volitional apnoea

A

cessation of breathing

30
Q

What is an acid?

A

molecule with a loosely bound H+ ion

31
Q

Why does blood acidity need to be regulated?

A

changes in pH will result in marked changes in 3D structure of proteins

32
Q

What is a base?

A

anionic molecule capable of reversibly binding to protons

33
Q

What is the relationship between acids + bases?

A

in equilibrium

34
Q

How was the buffering capacity of blood identified?

A

Pitts + Swan injected acid into dog expecting pH change BUT there was very little change in pH

35
Q

What is the buffering capacity of blood?

A

ability to react to pH imbalances almost immediately + return it to normal

36
Q

How is proton concentration converted to pH?

A

pH = -log10[H+]

37
Q

How is pH converted to proton concentration?

A

[H+] = -10 to the power of pH

38
Q

What is alkalaemia?

A

higher-than-normal pH of blood

39
Q

What is acidaemia?

A

lower-than-normal pH of blood

40
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

circumstances that will decrease [H+] and increase pH

41
Q

What is acidosis?

A

circumstances that will increase [H+] and decrease pH

42
Q

What is needed to correct alkalosis?

A

acidosis

43
Q

What is needed to correct acidosis?

A

alkalosis

44
Q

What is the difference between the compensatory responses of the lungs vs. the kidneys?

A

changes in ventilation = RAPID response

changes in HCO3- + H+ retention + secretion in kidneys = SLOW response

45
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors?

A
  • positioned near carotid baroreceptors

* responds to changes in blood molecule concentrations + helps maintain cardiorespiratory homeostasis

46
Q

How can emotional change affect ventilation?

A

higher brain centres (limbic system) + special senses → emotional response → respiratory control centre

47
Q

How can exercise affect ventilation?

A
  • efferents from primary motor cortex to skeletal musculature partly innervate the medulla otw
  • proprioceptive afferents from muscle spindles & golgi tendon organs innervate medulla otw to brain
48
Q

What is the effect of skin afferents on breathing?

A

immersion in cold water (< 10 degrees) = changes in ventilation (e.g. inspiratory gasps + hyperventilation)

BRS - Cardio (15 decks)

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