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BRS - Cardio > CV Disorders > Flashcards

CV Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is Atrial fibrillation (AF)?

A

Disorganised electric activity and contraction

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2
Q

What is Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW)?

A

Syndrome causing tachycardia & abnormal cardiac electrical conductance

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3
Q

What are 2 forms of atrial arrhythmias?

A

Atrial fibrillation

Wolff-Parkinson-White

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4
Q

What is an underlying cause of AF?

A

Spontaneously active cells throughout the atria

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5
Q

What is an underlying cause of WPW?

A

additional accessory conduction pathway (the bundle of Kent) between the atria and ventricles

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6
Q

What are signs + symptoms of AF + WPW?

A

Palpitations & chest pain

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7
Q

What are ECG findings for AF?

A

Absent p-waves & ‘irregularly irregular’ rhythm.

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8
Q

What are ECG findings for WPW?

A

QRS pre-excitation & biphasic/ inverted T-wave of ECG

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9
Q

What are treatment options for AF?

A

strategies to maintain sinus (e.g. cardioversion, anti-arrhythmics, catheter ablation)

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10
Q

What are treatment options for WPW?

A

benign, no treatment required

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11
Q

What is conduction block?

A

b

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12
Q

What are underlying causes of conduction block?

A

Damage (fibrosis, calcification, necrosis) to the conduction system (
AV node or His Purkinje system)

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13
Q

How are conduction blocks graded?

A

First-degree block
Second-degree block
Third-degree block

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14
Q

What is first-degree block?

A

slowing down of conduction through AV node

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15
Q

What is second-degree block?

A

reduced transmission of signal from atria to ventricles

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16
Q

What is third-degree block?

A

complete block of current from atria to ventricles

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17
Q

What are the ECG finding for a first-degree block?

A

increased P-R interval

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18
Q

What are the ECG finding for a second-degree block?

A

increased P-R interval or ‘missing’ QRS complexes, depending on type of block

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19
Q

What are the ECG finding for a third-degree block?

A

p-waves not followed by QRS complexes

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20
Q

What are the treatment options for conduction block?

A

Discontinuation of AV-blocking drugs (e.g. beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers)
pacemaker implantation in severe cases

21
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Heart unable to maintain adequate circulation for metabolic requirements of body

22
Q

What is preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)?

A

EF ≥ 50%, ↓ diastolic function, stiff heart muscle

23
Q

What is reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?

A

EF ≥ 40%, ↓ systolic function, weakened heart muscle

24
Q

What is an underlying cause of heart failure?

A

secondary to cardiac damage (ischaemia, myopathy)
hypertension
valve disease

25
Q

What are signs + symptoms of heart failure?

A

exertional dyspnoea (shortness of breath during exertion)

26
Q

What are tests that can be done to identify heart failure?

A

Blood test: elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Chest X-ray: cardiomegaly

27
Q

What are the treatment options for heart failure?

A

Drugs that reduce the exertional pressure on the heart

28
Q

What is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

29
Q

How is hypertension defined clinically?

A

Clinical BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg & ambulatory BP daytime average ≥ 135/85 mmHg

30
Q

What are the causes of primary hypertension?

A

unknown

31
Q

What are the causes of secondary hypertension?

A

resulting from another medical condition (e.g. kidney disease, adrenal disease)

32
Q

How can hypertension be identified?

A

Blood pressure measurement: readings ≥ 135/85 mmHg

33
Q

What are treatment options for hypertension?

A

Lifestyle changes followed by anti-hypertensive medication

34
Q

What is angina?

A

chest pain (due to myocardial ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis)

35
Q

What is NSTEMI?

A

non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction : myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia

36
Q

What is STEMI?

A

ST-elevated myocardial infarction : serious myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia

37
Q

What is the underlying cause of angina in acute coronary syndromes?

A

Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery

38
Q

What is the underlying cause of NSTEMI?

A

atherosclerosis + artery blockage

39
Q

What is the underlying cause of STEMI?

A

severe atherosclerosis + complete artery blockage

40
Q

What are signs + symptoms of angina?

A

chest pain on exertion (stable) or at rest (unstable)

41
Q

What are signs + symptoms of NSTEMI?

A

chest pain, sweating, nausea + vomiting

42
Q

What are signs + symptoms of STEMI?

A

radiating chest pain, sweating, nausea & vomiting

43
Q

What would be the ECG findings for NSTEMI?

A

ST-depression/no changes

44
Q

What would be the ECG findings for STEMI?

A

ST-elevation w/ reciprocal ST-depression

45
Q

What would the blood test findings for NSTEMI + STEMI?

A

high troponin levels

46
Q

What are the treatment options for angina?

A

vasodilators

47
Q

What are the treatment options for NSTEMI + STEMI?

A 
coronary stents
antiplatelets
vasodilators
anti-emetics
oxygen & pain-relief
48
Q

What does WPW result in pre-excitation before QRS complex?

A

additional ventricular pathway = ventricular depolarisation before ventricular depolarisation starts in the AV node

49
Q

Why does WPW result in a biphasic T-wave?

A

due to current not being stopped at AVN, another repolarisation is starting before the depolarisation ends

BRS - Cardio (15 decks)

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