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Respiratory Physiology > Ventilation & Compliance > Flashcards

Ventilation & Compliance Flashcards

1
Q

What is tidal volume? (Vt)

A

The volume of air inspired or expired on each normal breath

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2
Q

ERV stands for…

A

Expiratory reserve volume

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3
Q

What is the ERV?

A

Max. volume of air which can be expelled from lungs

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4
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume is?

A

The max. volume of air which can be drawn into the lungs at the end of normal inspiration

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5
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air in the lungs that cannot be expired

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6
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Volume of gas occupied by the conducting airways which is not available for exchange

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7
Q

How is vital capacity (VC) calculated?

A

TV + IRV + ERV

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8
Q

How is total lung capacity calculated?

A

VC + The residual volume

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9
Q

How is inspiratory capacity calculated?

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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10
Q

What is FRC

A

Functional residual capacity

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11
Q

How is FRC calculated?

A

Expiratoy reserve volume + residual volume.

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12
Q

What is FEV 1?

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

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13
Q

What is FEV1:FVC?

A

Fraction of Forced Vital Capacity expired in 1 second

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14
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is?

A

Total movement of air into and out of lungs

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15
Q

Alveolar ventilation is?

A

The volume of fresh air getting to alveoli and therefore available for gas exchange

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16
Q

What is pulmonary and alveolar ventilation measured in?

A

L/min

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17
Q

Which one is functionally more significant out of the two?

A

Alveolar

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18
Q

What is the volume of anatomical dead space?

A

150ml

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19
Q

What is Tidal Volume (TV) in a normal adult?

A

500ml

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20
Q

What happens to respiratory rate in hypo-ventilation?

A

It increases

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21
Q

What happens to the total pulmonary ventilation in hypo-ventilation?

A

Stays normal

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22
Q

Tidal volume is increased in BLANK and decreased in BLANK

A

Increased in hyperventilation and decreased in hypoventilation

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23
Q

Air to alveoli volume is decreased in BLANK and increased in BLANK

A

Decreased in hypoventilation and increased in hyperventilation

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24
Q

Alevolar ventilation is …

A

Decreased in hypoventilation and increased in hyperventilation

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25
Partial pressure definition?
Pressure of gas in mixture = % of gas x pressure of whole gaseous mix
26
Partial pressure increases with increasing?
Conc. of gas mixture
27
Partial pressure units?
mmHg/kPa
28
During hyperventilation, partial pressure of oxygen is
Increased
29
During hyperventilation, partial pressure of carbon dioxide is
Decreased
30
During hypoventilation, partial pressure of oxygen is
Decreased
31
During hypoventilation, partial pressure of CO2 is
Increased
32
When alveolar ventilation is increased partial pressure of CO2?
Is decreased
33
What alveolar cell secretes surfactant?
Type 2
34
What type of alveolar cell is thin for gas exchange?
Type 1
35
What happens if surfactant is removed?
The inwardly directed pressure in alveoli would cause them to collapse, surfactant stops this
36
How does surfactant do this, what are its functions?
Reduces the surface tension stopping alveoli collapsing Reduced work of breathing Increases lung compliance
37
Where is surfactant more effective? Small or large alveoli? Why?
Small as surfactant molecules come cloder together in smaller alveoli and are more concentrated
38
What is surfactant classed as?
Detergent
39
When does surface tension occur?
When there is a water to air interface
40
Surface tension refers to the attraction between...
Water molecules
41
What is the Law of LaPlace?
Equation for calculating surface tention
42
What is the surface tension equation?
P = (2T/ r) P is inwardly directed pressure T is surface tension r is radius
43
When does surfactant production start and when is it complete?
~25 weeks gestation | complete by ~36 weeks gestation
44
What stimulates surfactant production?
Thyroid hormones and cortisol which increases towards end of a pregnancy
45
What happens to a premature baby?
Suffers infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) due to insufficient surfactant levels
46
What is compliance and what does it represent?
Change in volume relative to change in pressure Represents the strechability not the elasticity
47
What does a high and low compliance mean respectively?
Large increase in lung volume for a small change in intrapleural pressure Small change in lung volume for a large decrease in intrapleural pressure
48
Does compliance give information about the expiratory phase?
No, just inspiration
49
What is a healthy compliance?
High compliance
50
What level of compliance would be seen in cystic fibrosis?
Low compliance
51
In cystic fibrosis, lung expansion/inspiration is made more difficult due to?
The increased laying down of fibrous tissue
52
What does emphysema cause?
Loss of elastic tissue meaning expiration needs effort
53
In the early inspiratory phase, what two things need to be overcome?
Surface tension | Elastic recoil of lungs
54
The rapid movement of air out of the lungs after the early phase of expiration is due to?
Compression of airways
55
As the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, the resistance of the airways...
Increases
56
Is a larger or smaller pressure needed to overcome the resistance as the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases?
Larger
57
The effort of inspiration is normally recovered as...
Elastic recoil during expiration
58
Is expiration active or passive in a healthy individual?
Passive
59
Compliance and alveolar resistance decrease with height from....
Base to the apex
60
Why does compliance and alveolar resistance decrease with height from the base to the apex?
Alveoli at the apex being more inflated at FRC.
61
Alveolar ventilation declines with height from the...
Base to the apex
62
At the base of the lung, alveoli are compressed between..
The weight of the lung above and the diaphragm below
63
At the base of the lung, are alveoli more compliant on expiration or inspiration?
Inspiration due to the compression
64
At the base of the lung, what change in volume is brought about by a small change in intrapleural pressure compared with at the apex?
A larger change in volume aka Higher compliance
65
What is an obstructive disease?
Obstruction of air flow, especially on expiration
66
What is a restrictive disease?
Restriction of lung expansion
67
Which one causes increased airway resistance, obstructive or restrictive?
Obstructive
68
Give examples of an obstructive lung disorder...
Asthma COPD Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema
69
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
70
What is chronic bronchitis?
Inflammation of the bronchi
71
What is emphysema?
Destruction of the alveoli, loss of elasticity
72
Is loss of lung compliance seen in obstructive or restrictive lung disorders?
Restrictive
73
What does loss of lung compliance cause?
Lung stiffness and incomplete expansion
74
Examples of restrictive diseases?
Fibrosis Infant respiratory distress syndrome Oedema Pneumothorax
75
What is fibrosis? What is the cause?
formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue Cause is idiopathic, asbestos known to cause it
76
What is infact respiratory distress syndrome caused by?
Premature babies/ insufficient surfactant production
77
What does spirometry measure?
Lung function
78
What is a static reading?
Where the only consideration made is the volume exhaled
79
What is a dynamic reading?
Where the time taken to exhale a certain volume is what is being measured
80
What is the FEV1 (forced expiratory volume) and FVC (Forced vital capacity) in a healthy males?
FEV1 is 4L FVC is 5l Makes the FEV1/FVC 80%
81
What effect is there on FEV, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive lung disorders, e.g. COPD?
FEV - greatly decreased | FVC - decreased FEV1/FVC ratio -decreased
82
What effect is there on FEV, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio in restrictive lung disorders e.g. pulmonary fibrosis?
FEV - decreased | FVC - decreased FEV1/FVC ratio - remains constant or increases
83
Why is FVC reduced in restrictive diseases
Total volume is reduced due to limitations to lung expansion
84
Is a normal FEV1/FVC ratio be indicative of health? Why?
No, as in Obstructive it reduced but in restrictive it stays constant or increases despite severe compromise of function
85
The forced expiratory flow (FEF 25-75) is the...
Average expired flow over the middle of an FVC (middle 50% or expiration)
86
What does the FEF correlate with?
FEV1, but changes are more striking, meaning lung disease can be caught earlier, however FEF has a wider normal range

Respiratory Physiology (13 decks)

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