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Respiratory Physiology > Ventilation & Compliance > Flashcards

Ventilation & Compliance Flashcards

1
Q

What is tidal volume? (Vt)

A

The volume of air inspired or expired on each normal breath

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2
Q

ERV stands for…

A

Expiratory reserve volume

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3
Q

What is the ERV?

A

Max. volume of air which can be expelled from lungs

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4
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume is?

A

The max. volume of air which can be drawn into the lungs at the end of normal inspiration

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5
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air in the lungs that cannot be expired

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6
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Volume of gas occupied by the conducting airways which is not available for exchange

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7
Q

How is vital capacity (VC) calculated?

A

TV + IRV + ERV

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8
Q

How is total lung capacity calculated?

A

VC + The residual volume

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9
Q

How is inspiratory capacity calculated?

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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10
Q

What is FRC

A

Functional residual capacity

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11
Q

How is FRC calculated?

A

Expiratoy reserve volume + residual volume.

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12
Q

What is FEV 1?

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

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13
Q

What is FEV1:FVC?

A

Fraction of Forced Vital Capacity expired in 1 second

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14
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is?

A

Total movement of air into and out of lungs

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15
Q

Alveolar ventilation is?

A

The volume of fresh air getting to alveoli and therefore available for gas exchange

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16
Q

What is pulmonary and alveolar ventilation measured in?

A

L/min

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17
Q

Which one is functionally more significant out of the two?

A

Alveolar

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18
Q

What is the volume of anatomical dead space?

A

150ml

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19
Q

What is Tidal Volume (TV) in a normal adult?

A

500ml

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20
Q

What happens to respiratory rate in hypo-ventilation?

A

It increases

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21
Q

What happens to the total pulmonary ventilation in hypo-ventilation?

A

Stays normal

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22
Q

Tidal volume is increased in BLANK and decreased in BLANK

A

Increased in hyperventilation and decreased in hypoventilation

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23
Q

Air to alveoli volume is decreased in BLANK and increased in BLANK

A

Decreased in hypoventilation and increased in hyperventilation

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24
Q

Alevolar ventilation is …

A

Decreased in hypoventilation and increased in hyperventilation

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25
Q

Partial pressure definition?

A

Pressure of gas in mixture = % of gas x pressure of whole gaseous mix

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26
Q

Partial pressure increases with increasing?

A

Conc. of gas mixture

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27
Q

Partial pressure units?

A

mmHg/kPa

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28
Q

During hyperventilation, partial pressure of oxygen is

A

Increased

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29
Q

During hyperventilation, partial pressure of carbon dioxide is

A

Decreased

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30
Q

During hypoventilation, partial pressure of oxygen is

A

Decreased

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31
Q

During hypoventilation, partial pressure of CO2 is

A

Increased

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32
Q

When alveolar ventilation is increased partial pressure of CO2?

A

Is decreased

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33
Q

What alveolar cell secretes surfactant?

A

Type 2

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34
Q

What type of alveolar cell is thin for gas exchange?

A

Type 1

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35
Q

What happens if surfactant is removed?

A

The inwardly directed pressure in alveoli would cause them to collapse, surfactant stops this

36
Q

How does surfactant do this, what are its functions?

A

Reduces the surface tension stopping alveoli collapsing
Reduced work of breathing
Increases lung compliance

37
Q

Where is surfactant more effective? Small or large alveoli? Why?

A

Small as surfactant molecules come cloder together in smaller alveoli and are more concentrated

38
Q

What is surfactant classed as?

A

Detergent

39
Q

When does surface tension occur?

A

When there is a water to air interface

40
Q

Surface tension refers to the attraction between…

A

Water molecules

41
Q

What is the Law of LaPlace?

A

Equation for calculating surface tention

42
Q

What is the surface tension equation?

A

P = (2T/ r)
P is inwardly directed pressure
T is surface tension
r is radius

43
Q

When does surfactant production start and when is it complete?

A

~25 weeks gestation

complete by ~36 weeks gestation

44
Q

What stimulates surfactant production?

A

Thyroid hormones and cortisol which increases towards end of a pregnancy

45
Q

What happens to a premature baby?

A

Suffers infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) due to insufficient surfactant levels

46
Q

What is compliance and what does it represent?

A

Change in volume relative to change in pressure

Represents the strechability not the elasticity

47
Q

What does a high and low compliance mean respectively?

A

Large increase in lung volume for a small change in intrapleural pressure

Small change in lung volume for a large decrease in intrapleural pressure

48
Q

Does compliance give information about the expiratory phase?

A

No, just inspiration

49
Q

What is a healthy compliance?

A

High compliance

50
Q

What level of compliance would be seen in cystic fibrosis?

A

Low compliance

51
Q

In cystic fibrosis, lung expansion/inspiration is made more difficult due to?

A

The increased laying down of fibrous tissue

52
Q

What does emphysema cause?

A

Loss of elastic tissue meaning expiration needs effort

53
Q

In the early inspiratory phase, what two things need to be overcome?

A

Surface tension

Elastic recoil of lungs

54
Q

The rapid movement of air out of the lungs after the early phase of expiration is due to?

A

Compression of airways

55
Q

As the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, the resistance of the airways…

A

Increases

56
Q

Is a larger or smaller pressure needed to overcome the resistance as the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases?

A

Larger

57
Q

The effort of inspiration is normally recovered as…

A

Elastic recoil during expiration

58
Q

Is expiration active or passive in a healthy individual?

A

Passive

59
Q

Compliance and alveolar resistance decrease with height from….

A

Base to the apex

60
Q

Why does compliance and alveolar resistance decrease with height from the base to the apex?

A

Alveoli at the apex being more inflated at FRC.

61
Q

Alveolar ventilation declines with height from the…

A

Base to the apex

62
Q

At the base of the lung, alveoli are compressed between..

A

The weight of the lung above and the diaphragm below

63
Q

At the base of the lung, are alveoli more compliant on expiration or inspiration?

A

Inspiration due to the compression

64
Q

At the base of the lung, what change in volume is brought about by a small change in intrapleural pressure compared with at the apex?

A

A larger change in volume aka Higher compliance

65
Q

What is an obstructive disease?

A

Obstruction of air flow, especially on expiration

66
Q

What is a restrictive disease?

A

Restriction of lung expansion

67
Q

Which one causes increased airway resistance, obstructive or restrictive?

A

Obstructive

68
Q

Give examples of an obstructive lung disorder…

A

Asthma
COPD
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema

69
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

70
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of the bronchi

71
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Destruction of the alveoli, loss of elasticity

72
Q

Is loss of lung compliance seen in obstructive or restrictive lung disorders?

A

Restrictive

73
Q

What does loss of lung compliance cause?

A

Lung stiffness and incomplete expansion

74
Q

Examples of restrictive diseases?

A

Fibrosis
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Oedema
Pneumothorax

75
Q

What is fibrosis? What is the cause?

A

formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue

Cause is idiopathic, asbestos known to cause it

76
Q

What is infact respiratory distress syndrome caused by?

A

Premature babies/ insufficient surfactant production

77
Q

What does spirometry measure?

A

Lung function

78
Q

What is a static reading?

A

Where the only consideration made is the volume exhaled

79
Q

What is a dynamic reading?

A

Where the time taken to exhale a certain volume is what is being measured

80
Q

What is the FEV1 (forced expiratory volume) and FVC (Forced vital capacity) in a healthy males?

A

FEV1 is 4L
FVC is 5l
Makes the FEV1/FVC 80%

81
Q

What effect is there on FEV, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive lung disorders, e.g. COPD?

A

FEV - greatly decreased

FVC - decreased FEV1/FVC ratio -decreased

82
Q

What effect is there on FEV, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio in restrictive lung disorders e.g. pulmonary fibrosis?

A

FEV - decreased

FVC - decreased FEV1/FVC ratio - remains constant or increases

83
Q

Why is FVC reduced in restrictive diseases

A

Total volume is reduced due to limitations to lung expansion

84
Q

Is a normal FEV1/FVC ratio be indicative of health? Why?

A

No, as in Obstructive it reduced but in restrictive it stays constant or increases despite severe compromise of function

85
Q

The forced expiratory flow (FEF 25-75) is the…

A

Average expired flow over the middle of an FVC (middle 50% or expiration)

86
Q

What does the FEF correlate with?

A

FEV1, but changes are more striking, meaning lung disease can be caught earlier, however FEF has a wider normal range

Respiratory Physiology (13 decks)

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