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Respiratory Physiology > Blood supply, gas exchange, ventilation & perfusion > Flashcards

Blood supply, gas exchange, ventilation & perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

What pulmonary blood vessel travels away from the heart? what does it carry?

A

Pulmonary artery - CO2 to the lungs

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2
Q

What pulmonary blood vessel travels towards the heart? What does it carry

A

O2 from the lungs to be pumped to the systematic circulation

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3
Q

What circulation delivers oxygenated blood to airway smooth muscle, nerves and lung tissue?

A

Bronchial circulation (nutritive)

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4
Q

What is the bronchial circulation supplied by?

A

The bronchial arteries that arise from the systematic circulation

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5
Q

The entire cardiac output from the right ventricle is carried by what circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation (gas exchange)

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6
Q

What does the pulmonary circulation consist of?

A

Left and right pulmonary arteries

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7
Q

What does the pulmonary circulation supply/do?

A

The dense capillary network surrounding the alveoli and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein

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8
Q

Is the pulmonary circulation a high or low flow and pressure

A

High flow, low pressure

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9
Q

What gradients drive gas exchange?

A

Partial pressure gradients

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10
Q

What do these abbreviations stand for: A a ṽ in relation to blood?

A

A - alveolar
a - arterial blood
ṽ - mixed venous blood

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11
Q

What kind of membrane do gases move across?

A

Permeable

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12
Q

The rate of diffusion across the membrane is directly proportional to what?

A

The partial pressure gradient (similar to conc. gradient)
The gas solubility
The available surface area

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13
Q

The rate of diffusion across the membrane is inversely proportional to what?

A

The thickness of the membrane

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14
Q

When is diffusion most rapid?

A

Over short distances

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15
Q

What is more soluble in water, carbon dioxide or oxygen?

A

Carbon Dioxide

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16
Q

What do systolic/diastolic mean?

A

Systolic - max blood presssure when the heart is contracted

Diastolic - min blood pressure when the heart is relaxed

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17
Q

What are the normal systolic pressures?

A

Pulmonary systolic pressure = 25mmHg

Systemic systolic pressure = 120mmHg

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18
Q

Whats the diference between the pressure of the pulmonary vein and artery that causes blood to flow? And why is it clinically important?

A

About 10mmHg as it is small it only takes a little patholgy to disrupt the blood flow. (Systemic is normally 100mmHg)

19
Q

What happens in emphysema?

A

The destruction of the alveoli reduces surface area for gas exchange

20
Q

In Emphysema, what are the values of Alveolar PO2 and Capillary PO2 relative to normal values?

A

Alveolar PO2 – normal or low Capillary PO2 –low

21
Q

What happens in fibrotic lung disease?

A

The alveolar membrane thickens which slows don gas exchange

Also the loss of lung compliance may decrease alveolar ventilation

22
Q

In Fibrotic Lung Disease, what are the values of Alveolar PO2 and Capillary PO2 relative to normal values?

A

Alveolar PO2 – normal or low Capillary PO2 – low

23
Q

What happens in a pulmonary oedema

A

The fluid in the interstitial space increases which causes the diffusion space to increase in distance

24
Q

In Pulmonary Oedema, what are the values of Alveolar PO2 and Capillary PO2 relative to normal values?

A

Alveolar PO2 – normal Capillary PO2 –low

25
Q

In a pulmonary Oedema, why might arterial PCO2 remain normal?

A

CO2 has a higher solubility in water

26
Q

How does asthma affect gas exchange?

A

Bronchioles constrict which increases airway resistance which decreases airway ventilation

27
Q

In asthma, what are the values of Alveolar PO2 and Capillary PO2 relative to normal values?

A

Alveolar PO2 – low

Capillary PO2 –low

28
Q

What pressures influence the distribution of blood flow in the lungs?

A

Hydrostatic blood pressure and alveolar pressure

29
Q

What is blood flow inversely proportional to?

A

Vascular resistance

30
Q

At the base of the lungs, blood flow is BLANK because?

A

High because arterial pressure exceeds alveolar pressure and vascular resistance is therefore low.

31
Q

At the apex of the lungs, blood flow is BLANK because?

A

Low because arterial pressure is less than alveolar pressure. This compresses the arterioles and vascular resistance is increased.

32
Q

When arterial pressure is less than alveolar pressure, blood flow will be

A

Reduced

33
Q

There is a mismatch in Ventilation:Perfusion when the ratio is

A

Greater or lower than 1.0

34
Q

If ventilation decreases in a group of alveoli, what effect will this have on PCO2 and PO2?

A

PCO2 - increases

PO2 - decreases

35
Q

What is “shunt”?

A

The passage of blood flow through areas of the lung that are poorly ventilated

36
Q

What effect is there on arterioles when there is decreased tissue PO2 around under-ventilated alveoli?

A

Arterioles will constrict to divert blood to better ventilated alveoli

37
Q

Constriction in response to hypoxia is particular to what vessels?

A

Pulmonary vessels only

The systematic vessels dilate

38
Q

Alveolar dead space is…

A

Alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused, opposite to a shunt

39
Q

What happens to alveolar partial pressures during alveolar dead space?

A

PA O2 increases

PA CO2 decreases

40
Q

What does a PA O2 increase lead to in alveolar dead space?

A

Pulmonary vasodilation

41
Q

What does a PA CO2 decrease lead to in alveolar dead space?

A

Bronchial constriction

42
Q

What is the purpose of these two responses?

A

To increase perfusion and to a lesser extent decrease ventilation, bringing the ratio back towards 1

43
Q

Physiological Dead Space is…

A

The alveolar dead space + anatomical dead space

Respiratory Physiology (13 decks)

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