Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

The pre-embryonic phase of development occurs when?

A

Between 0-3 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The embryonic phase occurs between what weeks?

A

4-8 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The foetal phase of development occurs between…

A

9-40 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is made during Oogenesis?

A

1 ovum and 3 polar bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is produced during spermatogenesis?

A

4 sperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Genetic difference between ovums and sperm?

A

Ovum has 22 chromosomes and an X chromosome, sperm has 22 chromosomes and a X or Y chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are the products of meiosis - sperm and ovum, identical to each other of the same type, or genetically unique?

A

Unique - no two sperm are identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When is a zygote formed?

A

When the (pro)nucleus of the sperm fuses with the (pro)nucleus of the ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are zygotes diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What structures originate from the mother?

A

Mitochondria, cytoplasm and cytoplasmic cell organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the pathway of progression for a zygote?

A

Zygote to a Morula to a Blastocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does a zygote split into a Morula?

A

Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a Morula?

A

A solid ball of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give an example of an inherited mitochondrial disease?

A

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy, leads to blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What becomes difficult as the number and size of the morula increases?

A

Getting nutrition to the central core of cells is more difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the morula get around this difficulty?

A

A cavity develops called the blastocystic cavity and cells accumulate at one end to form an inner cell mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the name given to the outer layer of cells surrounding a blastocyst cavity and inner cell mass?

A

Trophoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How long does the first cell division of the zygote take?

A

36 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

As time progresses, do cell divisions get faster or slower?

A

Faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where in the body is the ovum fertilised?

A

Uterine tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where in the body does the ovum implant?

A

Uterine wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is the ovum transported from the ovary down the uterine tube?

A

Via ciliated epithelium and fimbriae at the end of the uterine tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside of the uterus) caused by?

A

Occurs if cilia function is abnormal and the ovum gets stuck in the unterine tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When does the blastocyst form?

A

Day 5/6 of the pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the inner lining of the uterine cavity called?
Endometrium
26
Where does implantation of the ovum occur?
In the uterine endometrial layer
27
When does the placenta begin to develop
Roughly by day 6 of the 1st week
28
What do the cells that later form the embryo form?
A bilaminar disk
29
The trophoblast helps what form?
Sacs, membranes and umbilical cord
30
At roughly what day does the implantation of the blastocyte occur?
~ 7 days
31
What is a chorion?
A trophoblast which has divided and joined up with other cells
32
What does the chorion develop?
Finger like processes called chorionic villi
33
Why is the endometrium a good place for the blastocyte to implant into?
It has a good supply of blood and nutrients
34
What structures of the chorion help the blastocyst to burrow into the endometrium?
Villi
35
What layer of the uterus is the endometrium?
Inner layer
36
What are 3 functions of the chorion?
Implantation process (chorionic villi) Forms part of the placenta in due course Secretes human Chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
37
What is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin used for?
To detect pregnancy - makes the body continue to produce estrogen and progesterone to stop the shedding of the endometrium
38
Once the blastocyst has implanted in the uterus, what is the endometrium in which the blastocyst has implanted known as?
Decidua basalis
39
The inner cell mass is flattened to form what two layers of cells?
Epiblast and hypoblast
40
Maternal blood and urine levels of HCG increase till....
Around 12 weeks of gestation
41
What is the layered flat disc formed by the epiblast and hypoblast layers known as?
Bilaminar disk
42
What does the flattening of the inner cell mass and the creation of the epiblast, hypoblast and the bilaminar disk create?
2 cavities - amniotic cavity and the yolk sac
43
What is most superior? Amniotic cavity or yolk sac?
Amniotic cavity
44
What is the allantoic cavity?
Cavity in which the waste products from the embryo are stored
45
What is the main functions of the placenta?
Foetal nutrition Transport of waste and gases Immune
46
Describe the foetal part of the placenta?
Smooth with foetal blood vessels and end of umbilical cord
47
What is the surface of the maternal part of the placenta?
The decidua basalis
48
Describe the Decidua basalis of endometrium?
Rough and has maternal blood vessels
49
What are the foetal and maternal surfaces of the placenta facing? Why are they named this way
Foetal part faces foetus and maternal faces mother
50
At what point in development does the placenta mature?
18-20 weeks
51
What causes fraternal/dizygotic twins?
2 different ova released, fertilised by 2 different sperm and forming 2 different zygotes
52
What causes identical/monozygotic twins?
1 ovum released, fertilised by 1 sperm, forms 1 zygote which then divides into 2
53
What develops during week 3?
Germ layers, neural tube, somites, early development of cardiovascular system
54
What is neurulation?
Formation of neural tube
55
What is gastrulation?
Formation of germ layers
56
What is the primitive streak?
Formed in the midline of the epiblast by the dipping in of cells (invagination)
57
What forms once the primitive streak is fully formed?
The axis of the embryo
58
What is the purpose of the axis?
Distinguishes between left and right and top and bottom so organs/body structures form in the right place
59
During gastrulation, what does the epiblast do?
Epiblast cells migrate into the space between the epiblast and the hypoblast layers, cells then replace the hypoblast
60
What are the germ layers formed in gastrulation?
ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm
61
What germ layer is the outer layer?
Ectoderm
62
What germ layer is the inter layer?
Endoderm
63
Once the 3 germ layers are formed, cells are...
Specialised
64
How is the notochord formed?
Cells "sink" from the primitive groove from the enctoderm
65
What does the notochord induce?
Ectodermal cells in the midline to become thicker to form a neural tube
66
From what germ layer does the neural plate form?
Ectoderm
67
The neural tube induces the mesoderm to...
Thicken
68
What 3 parts does the mesoderm seperate into?
Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate plate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm
69
What does the lateral plate mesoderm split to form?
A somatic and splanchnic mesoderm
70
What is the name of the space between the somatic and the splanchnic mesoderm?
The intraembryonic coelom
71
What layer of the mesoderm forms the urogenital system?
Intermediate plate mesoderm
72
What layer of mesoderm forms somites?
Paraxial mesoderm
73
What layer of the mesoderm forms the body cavity and coverings?
Lateral plate mesoderm
74
What germ layer does the gut and respiratory stuff form from?
Endoderm
75
From inner to outer, what is the order of the mesoderm layers?
Paraxial - Intermediate plate - lateral plate
76
How are somites formed?
Via the segmentation of the paraaxial mesoderm - each segment is a somite
77
Between what weeks of development is the Organogenetic period?
4th-8th weeks
78
In what way does an embryo fold so that the ectoderm covers its full surface?
Laterally
79
What does each somite divide into?
3 things; Dermatome Myotome Sclerotome
80
What does the dermatome form?
Dermis of skin
81
What does the myotome form?
Muscles
82
What does the sclerotome form?
Bones and vertebrae
83
During the lateral folding of the embryo - what does the lateral plate mesoderm split into?
A somatic mesoderm on top Intra-embryonic cavity when the lateral folding is complete Splanchnic mesoderm below/inner
84
What can the somatic, splanchnic and intra-embryonic coelom space form?
The pariteal, visceral pleua and the pleural cavity
85
What is teratology?
Study of when things go wrong in development
86
What are teratogens?
Environmental factors that cause abnormal development
87
What is confenital rubella syndrome caused by?
A contraction of german measles when pregnant
88
Give examples of environmental agents that can cause abnormal development?
Drugs - prescriptons/other Alcohol/tobacco Infectious agents that can transfer through placenta Radiation
89
What type of infectious agents can affect growth?
ToRCH Toxoplasma Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes
90
Give examples of genetic factors.
Too many/too few chromosomes Structural changes - deletion of genes/segments of chromosomes
91
Give an example of some syndromes caused by too many/too few syndrome?
Turner syndrome - 45 chromosomes, single X Downs syndrome - 47 chromosomes, trisomy 21
92
What can cause genetic changes?
Increased maternal age Damage from enviromental factors such as radiation
93
During weeks 1-2, what types of risk does the embryo face?
High risk of death | Low risk of teratogens
94
During weeks 3-8, what is significant?
It is the period where the foetus is most significant to teratogens
95
During weeks 9-38, what happens to teratogen sensitivity?
It decreases
96
What does the risk posed by a teratogen rely on?
Exposure during critical periods of development Dosage of drug/chemical/factor Genetic constitution of embryo ie some more susceptible than others at equivalent doses etc
97
How would you diagnose a malformation in the prenatal stage?
Blood - AFP Ultrasound scan – 12 week anomaly scan Invasive tests: chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis
98
How would you diagnose a malformation in the postnatal stage?
Hip stability Testes (descent) Fingers and toes Hearing

Respiratory Physiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions