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Respiratory Physiology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

The pre-embryonic phase of development occurs when?

A

Between 0-3 weeks

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2
Q

The embryonic phase occurs between what weeks?

A

4-8 weeks

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3
Q

The foetal phase of development occurs between…

A

9-40 weeks

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4
Q

What is made during Oogenesis?

A

1 ovum and 3 polar bodies

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5
Q

What is produced during spermatogenesis?

A

4 sperms

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6
Q

Genetic difference between ovums and sperm?

A

Ovum has 22 chromosomes and an X chromosome, sperm has 22 chromosomes and a X or Y chromosome

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7
Q

Are the products of meiosis - sperm and ovum, identical to each other of the same type, or genetically unique?

A

Unique - no two sperm are identical

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8
Q

When is a zygote formed?

A

When the (pro)nucleus of the sperm fuses with the (pro)nucleus of the ovum

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9
Q

Are zygotes diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

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10
Q

What structures originate from the mother?

A

Mitochondria, cytoplasm and cytoplasmic cell organelles

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11
Q

What is the pathway of progression for a zygote?

A

Zygote to a Morula to a Blastocyte

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12
Q

How does a zygote split into a Morula?

A

Mitosis

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13
Q

What is a Morula?

A

A solid ball of cells

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14
Q

Give an example of an inherited mitochondrial disease?

A

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy, leads to blindness

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15
Q

What becomes difficult as the number and size of the morula increases?

A

Getting nutrition to the central core of cells is more difficult

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16
Q

How does the morula get around this difficulty?

A

A cavity develops called the blastocystic cavity and cells accumulate at one end to form an inner cell mass

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17
Q

What is the name given to the outer layer of cells surrounding a blastocyst cavity and inner cell mass?

A

Trophoblast

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18
Q

How long does the first cell division of the zygote take?

A

36 hours

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19
Q

As time progresses, do cell divisions get faster or slower?

A

Faster

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20
Q

Where in the body is the ovum fertilised?

A

Uterine tube

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21
Q

Where in the body does the ovum implant?

A

Uterine wall

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22
Q

How is the ovum transported from the ovary down the uterine tube?

A

Via ciliated epithelium and fimbriae at the end of the uterine tube

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23
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside of the uterus) caused by?

A

Occurs if cilia function is abnormal and the ovum gets stuck in the unterine tube

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24
Q

When does the blastocyst form?

A

Day 5/6 of the pregnancy

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25
Q

What is the inner lining of the uterine cavity called?

A

Endometrium

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26
Q

Where does implantation of the ovum occur?

A

In the uterine endometrial layer

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27
Q

When does the placenta begin to develop

A

Roughly by day 6 of the 1st week

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28
Q

What do the cells that later form the embryo form?

A

A bilaminar disk

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29
Q

The trophoblast helps what form?

A

Sacs, membranes and umbilical cord

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30
Q

At roughly what day does the implantation of the blastocyte occur?

A

~ 7 days

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31
Q

What is a chorion?

A

A trophoblast which has divided and joined up with other cells

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32
Q

What does the chorion develop?

A

Finger like processes called chorionic villi

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33
Q

Why is the endometrium a good place for the blastocyte to implant into?

A

It has a good supply of blood and nutrients

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34
Q

What structures of the chorion help the blastocyst to burrow into the endometrium?

A

Villi

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35
Q

What layer of the uterus is the endometrium?

A

Inner layer

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36
Q

What are 3 functions of the chorion?

A

Implantation process (chorionic villi)

Forms part of the placenta in due course

Secretes human Chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

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37
Q

What is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin used for?

A

To detect pregnancy - makes the body continue to produce estrogen and progesterone to stop the shedding of the endometrium

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38
Q

Once the blastocyst has implanted in the uterus, what is the endometrium in which the blastocyst has implanted known as?

A

Decidua basalis

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39
Q

The inner cell mass is flattened to form what two layers of cells?

A

Epiblast and hypoblast

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40
Q

Maternal blood and urine levels of HCG increase till….

A

Around 12 weeks of gestation

41
Q

What is the layered flat disc formed by the epiblast and hypoblast layers known as?

A

Bilaminar disk

42
Q

What does the flattening of the inner cell mass and the creation of the epiblast, hypoblast and the bilaminar disk create?

A

2 cavities - amniotic cavity and the yolk sac

43
Q

What is most superior? Amniotic cavity or yolk sac?

A

Amniotic cavity

44
Q

What is the allantoic cavity?

A

Cavity in which the waste products from the embryo are stored

45
Q

What is the main functions of the placenta?

A

Foetal nutrition
Transport of waste and gases
Immune

46
Q

Describe the foetal part of the placenta?

A

Smooth with foetal blood vessels and end of umbilical cord

47
Q

What is the surface of the maternal part of the placenta?

A

The decidua basalis

48
Q

Describe the Decidua basalis of endometrium?

A

Rough and has maternal blood vessels

49
Q

What are the foetal and maternal surfaces of the placenta facing? Why are they named this way

A

Foetal part faces foetus and maternal faces mother

50
Q

At what point in development does the placenta mature?

A

18-20 weeks

51
Q

What causes fraternal/dizygotic twins?

A

2 different ova released, fertilised by 2 different sperm and forming 2 different zygotes

52
Q

What causes identical/monozygotic twins?

A

1 ovum released, fertilised by 1 sperm, forms 1 zygote which then divides into 2

53
Q

What develops during week 3?

A

Germ layers, neural tube, somites, early development of cardiovascular system

54
Q

What is neurulation?

A

Formation of neural tube

55
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of germ layers

56
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Formed in the midline of the epiblast by the dipping in of cells (invagination)

57
Q

What forms once the primitive streak is fully formed?

A

The axis of the embryo

58
Q

What is the purpose of the axis?

A

Distinguishes between left and right and top and bottom so organs/body structures form in the right place

59
Q

During gastrulation, what does the epiblast do?

A

Epiblast cells migrate into the space between the epiblast and the hypoblast layers, cells then replace the hypoblast

60
Q

What are the germ layers formed in gastrulation?

A

ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm

61
Q

What germ layer is the outer layer?

A

Ectoderm

62
Q

What germ layer is the inter layer?

A

Endoderm

63
Q

Once the 3 germ layers are formed, cells are…

A

Specialised

64
Q

How is the notochord formed?

A

Cells “sink” from the primitive groove from the enctoderm

65
Q

What does the notochord induce?

A

Ectodermal cells in the midline to become thicker to form a neural tube

66
Q

From what germ layer does the neural plate form?

A

Ectoderm

67
Q

The neural tube induces the mesoderm to…

A

Thicken

68
Q

What 3 parts does the mesoderm seperate into?

A

Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate plate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm

69
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm split to form?

A

A somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

70
Q

What is the name of the space between the somatic and the splanchnic mesoderm?

A

The intraembryonic coelom

71
Q

What layer of the mesoderm forms the urogenital system?

A

Intermediate plate mesoderm

72
Q

What layer of mesoderm forms somites?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

73
Q

What layer of the mesoderm forms the body cavity and coverings?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

74
Q

What germ layer does the gut and respiratory stuff form from?

A

Endoderm

75
Q

From inner to outer, what is the order of the mesoderm layers?

A

Paraxial - Intermediate plate - lateral plate

76
Q

How are somites formed?

A

Via the segmentation of the paraaxial mesoderm - each segment is a somite

77
Q

Between what weeks of development is the Organogenetic period?

A

4th-8th weeks

78
Q

In what way does an embryo fold so that the ectoderm covers its full surface?

A

Laterally

79
Q

What does each somite divide into?

A

3 things;
Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome

80
Q

What does the dermatome form?

A

Dermis of skin

81
Q

What does the myotome form?

A

Muscles

82
Q

What does the sclerotome form?

A

Bones and vertebrae

83
Q

During the lateral folding of the embryo - what does the lateral plate mesoderm split into?

A

A somatic mesoderm on top
Intra-embryonic cavity when the lateral folding is complete

Splanchnic mesoderm below/inner

84
Q

What can the somatic, splanchnic and intra-embryonic coelom space form?

A

The pariteal, visceral pleua and the pleural cavity

85
Q

What is teratology?

A

Study of when things go wrong in development

86
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Environmental factors that cause abnormal development

87
Q

What is confenital rubella syndrome caused by?

A

A contraction of german measles when pregnant

88
Q

Give examples of environmental agents that can cause abnormal development?

A

Drugs - prescriptons/other
Alcohol/tobacco

Infectious agents that can transfer through placenta

Radiation

89
Q

What type of infectious agents can affect growth?

A

ToRCH

Toxoplasma
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes

90
Q

Give examples of genetic factors.

A

Too many/too few chromosomes

Structural changes - deletion of genes/segments of chromosomes

91
Q

Give an example of some syndromes caused by too many/too few syndrome?

A

Turner syndrome - 45 chromosomes, single X

Downs syndrome - 47 chromosomes, trisomy 21

92
Q

What can cause genetic changes?

A

Increased maternal age

Damage from enviromental factors such as radiation

93
Q

During weeks 1-2, what types of risk does the embryo face?

A

High risk of death

Low risk of teratogens

94
Q

During weeks 3-8, what is significant?

A

It is the period where the foetus is most significant to teratogens

95
Q

During weeks 9-38, what happens to teratogen sensitivity?

A

It decreases

96
Q

What does the risk posed by a teratogen rely on?

A

Exposure during critical periods of development

Dosage of drug/chemical/factor

Genetic constitution of embryo ie some more susceptible than others at equivalent doses etc

97
Q

How would you diagnose a malformation in the prenatal stage?

A

Blood - AFP

Ultrasound scan – 12 week anomaly scan

Invasive tests: chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis

98
Q

How would you diagnose a malformation in the postnatal stage?

A

Hip stability
Testes (descent)
Fingers and toes
Hearing

Respiratory Physiology (13 decks)

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