Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 2 > Ventilation and Perfusion > Flashcards

Ventilation and Perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of the lungs?

A
  • Gas exchange
  • Reservoir for blood and oxygen
  • Metabolism of some circulating compounds
  • Filter blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is the respiratory system organised?

A

Conducting airways:

  • Anatomical dead space
  • Bulk flow
    • Trachea
    • Bronchi
    • Bronchioles
    • Terminal bronchioles

Respiratory airways:

  • Gas exchange
  • Gases move down their individual pressure gradients
    • Respiratory bronchioles
    • Alveolar ducts
    • Alveolar sacs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the different airways made up of?

A

Bronchi: cartilage

Bronchioles: smooth muscle and

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?

A

Deoxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary vein carry?

A

Oxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the distensibility of the pulmonary capillaries allow?

A

Allows for low resistance throughout the pulmonary circulation allowing blood flow to the lungs to increase without resistance and pressure increasing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does the respiratory system regulate blood flow?

A

Hypoxic vasoconstriction:

  • Shunting blood to areas of the lung with high partial pressures of oxygen and away from alveoli with low partial pressures of oxygen.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of gases across the alveolar membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If perfusion is increased? What will happen to the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli?

A

Decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

If ventilation is increased, what will happen to the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli?

A

Increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the diffusion barrier made up of?

A
  • Epithelial cell of alveolus
  • Tissue fluid and connective tissue
  • Endothelial cell of capillary
  • Plasma
  • Red blood cell membrane
  • Red blood cell cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Under normal circumstances, what is Hb saturation limited by?

At what point along the pulmonary capillaries are Hb completely saturated with oxygen?

A

Perfusion limited- perfusion limitation occurs with both oxygen and carbon dioxide under normal circumstances.

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In disease states, how may Hb saturation be limited?

A

Diffusion limited- full equilibration may not occur until the end of capillaries or not at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the effect of disease processes on the oxygen reserve?

A

Hb may not be able to fully saturated (reach full equilibration) therefore there is just enough to provide tissues with oxygen but not enough to cover increased demand (e.g. exercise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define ventilation

A

Movement of gas in and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 lung volumes?

A

Tidal volume: Volume of air moved in and out of lungs in normal (quiet) breathing

Inspiratory reserve volume: Extra voolume that can be breathed in over that at rest

Expiratory reserve volume: Extra volume that can be breathed out over that at rest

Residual volume: Volume of air left in the lungs after maximum expiration

Lung volumes change with breathing patterns

17
Q

What are the 4 lung capacities?

A

Total lung capacity: Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + residual volume

Inspiratory capacity: Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Expiratory capacity: Tidal volume + expiratory reserve capacity

Functional residual capacity: Reserve of air left in lungs at the end of passive exhalation (resting expiratory level)

Lung capacities do not change with breathing patterns

18
Q

Define dead space airways

A

Areas of the airways not involved in gas exchange

Air here last in and first out: enters and leaves via same airways, does not enter alveoli.

2 types:

  • Serial: conducting airways (anatomical dead space)
  • Distributive: damaged alveoli or those with poor perfusion
19
Q

Define total/minute ventilation

What is a normal minute ventilation at rest and in exercise?

A

The amount of air being moved in and out of the lungs per minute

Normal = 6-8L/min at rest, can reach 80L/min during exercise

MV = tidal volume x respiratory rate

20
Q

Define the alveolar ventilation rate

How is it calculated?

A

The amount of air that reaches the alveoli per minute

Need to account for ‘dead space’ (air that sits in conducting airways and does not reach alveoli). 2 types:

  • Serial: volume of conducting airways (anatomical dead space)
  • Distributive: parts of the lungs that are not conducting airways but cannot take part in gas exchange (damaged alveoli or those with poor perfusion)

Serial + distributive = physiological dead space

AVR = (Vt - Vds) x RR

21
Q

What effect does shallow breathing have on dead space?

A

Amplifies the effect of dead space- less air reaches alveoli

22
Q

What effect does alveolar ventilation rate have on diffusion?

A

Increasing AVR will remove CO2 from the alveoli, increasing the partial pressure gradient of CO2 between pulmonary capillaries and alveoli, thus increasing its diffusion from the blood into the lungs and its removal from the body.

23
Q

What is the ideal V/Q (ventilation/perfusion) ratio?

A

1 (equal)

24
Q

What does a V/Q ratio less than 1 mean?

What does a V/Q ratio more than 1 mean?

A

Less than 1 = perfusion > ventilation

More than 1 = ventilation > perfusion

25
Q

What is the main reason for defective gas exchange in respiratory diseases?

A

Exacerbated V/Q mismatches:

  • Increased V/Q ratio= blood saturated, little O2 added by ventilation
  • Decreased V/Q ratio= O2 reduction due to low ventilation compared to perfusion.
26
Q

How do ventilation and perfusion change from the apex to the base of the lung?

A

Both increase from the apex to the base of the lung

  • Perfusion increases more rapidly therefore V/Q ratio decreases towards the base of the lung
    • Increase in blood flow at the base of the lung due to gravity.
  • Ventilation increases as the base of the lung is more compressed therefore more room for expansion
27
Q

What happens to the V/Q ratio in:

Pneumonia

P.E

A

P.E: Increased V/Q ratio (decreased perfusion)

Pneumonia: Decreased V/Q ratio (decreased ventilation)

28
Q

Why is there increased ventilation towards the base of the lung?

A

The base of the lung is more compressed due to gravity therefore has more room for expansion

29
Q

What happens to apical blood vessels during exercise?

A

Blood vessels at the apex of the lung which are normally closed open during exercise to accommodate increased cardiac output.

This increases oxygen perfusion at the apex of the lung.

30
Q

Why can high and low V/Q mismatch areas not cancel eachother out?

A

Areas with high V/Q ratios cannot add anymore oxygen to blood as it is already saturated with oxygen.

Areas with low V/Q will therefore result in a significant oxygen decrement in mixed capillary blood.

31
Q

How do V/Q ratios explain the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

At the top of the curve where blood is fully saturated, there is a high V/Q ratio.

At the bottom of the curve, where blood is poorly saturated, there is a low V/Q ratio.

32
Q

How can pneumonia produce low oxygen saturations

A

Well saturated blood from high V/Q ratio areas of the lung mixes with poorly saturated blood from low V/Q ratio areas of the lung to produce overall lower than normal oxygen saturation

Blood from low V/Q area is effectively shunted as it does not pick up oxygen as it passes through the lung.

Block 2 (46 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions