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Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine > Ventilation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Ventilation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of minute ventilation

A

Volume of air expired in one minute or per minute

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2
Q

Respiratory rate

A

Frequency of breathing per minute

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3
Q

Aveolar ventilation

A

Volume of air reaching the respiratory zone per minute

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4
Q

What is the anatomical dead space

A

Capacity of airways incapable of undertaking gas exchange

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5
Q

What is alveolar dead space

A

Capacity of airways that shoulder be able to undertake gas exchange but cannot

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6
Q

What is the physiological dead space

A

Sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space

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7
Q

What is hypoventilation

A

Deficient ventilation of the lungs, underable to meet metabolic demand - acidosis

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8
Q

What is hyperventilation

A

Excessive ventilation of lungs atop metabolic demand - alkalosis

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9
Q

What is hyperpnoea

A

Increase depth of breathing

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10
Q

What is hypopnoea

A

Decreased depth of breathing

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11
Q

What is apnoea

A

Cessation of breathing

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12
Q

What is dyspnoea

A

Difficulty in breathing

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13
Q

What is bradypnoea

A

Abnormally slow breathing rate

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14
Q

What is tachypnoea

A

Abnormally fast breathing rate

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15
Q

What is orthopnoea

A

Positional difficulty in breathing

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16
Q

Why is there residual volume when you exhale

A

There is surfactant and liquid that prevents the lung from collapsing

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17
Q

Capacities are the some of what

A

Sum of two or more volumes

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18
Q

What is the formula for minute ventilation

A

Tidal volume x breathing frequency

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19
Q

What is the alveolar ventilation formula

A

(tidal volume - dead space) x breathing frequency

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20
Q

What factors affect lung volumes and capabities

A

Body size - height, shape (less so)

Sex - males have larger lunger volume

Disease - breakdown of tissue, COPD lung capacity goes up

Age

Fitness - athletic parents

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21
Q

What is non-perfused parenchyma

A

Alveoli without a blood supply

No gas exchange

Typically 0

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22
Q

What is the conducting zone

A

No gas exchange

150mL in adults

Anatomical dead space

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23
Q

What is the respiratory zone

A

Where gas exhange happens

Alveolar ventilation

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24
Q

What can increase dead space in lungs

A

Anasethetic circuit

Snorkelling

Intubation

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25
Q

What can decrease the dead space lungs

A

Tracheostomy

Cicothyrocotomy

Don’t want airways to collapse

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26
Q

What is the chest wall relationship

A

Chest wall has a tendency to spring outwards

Lung has a tendency to recoil inwards

27
Q

What happens during inspiration

A

Inspiration muscle effort + chest recoil > lung recoil

28
Q

What happens during expiration

A

Chest recoil < lung recoil + expiratory muscle effort

29
Q

Basic chest wall anatomy

A

Lungs are surrounded by visceral pleural membrane

Inner surface of chest wall is covered by a parietal pleural membrane

Pleural cavity is a fixed volume

30
Q

Diagram of pleural cavity integrity

A
31
Q

What is an example of negative pressure breathing

A

Healthy breathing

32
Q

What is an example of positive pressure breathing

A

Resusitation

Mechanical ventilation

CPR

Fighter pilots

33
Q

What does a negative transrespiratory pressure lead to

A

Inspiration

P(inside)-P(outside)

34
Q

What does light ventilation require

A

Pulling force of diaphragm

35
Q

What is the dalton law

A

Pressure of gas mixture is equal to the sum of partial pressures of gases in that mixture. Normally 100kPa

36
Q

What is the fick laws

A

Moelcules diffus from regions of high conc to low conc at rate proportional to concetration gradient, surface area or diffusion capacity. Inversely proportional to thickness of surface

37
Q

What is henrys law

A

At a constant temeprature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibirum

38
Q

What is Boyle laws

A

Volume of gas is inversly proportional to pressure of gas

39
Q

What is charles law

A

At a constant pressure, the volume of gas is proportional to the temperature of that gas

40
Q

What is the percentage of air

A

N - 78.09

o2 - 20.95

Ar = 0.93

C02 - 0.04

Other things - 0.01

41
Q

How does the composition of air change in smoke

A

CO2 and CO increases

42
Q

What happens to air composition in high altitude

A

Partial pressure is lower

Air is thinner

43
Q

Diagram of inspired gas in airways

A

Conducting airways - saturate the air

44
Q

What happens to air as it goes down the airways

A

Warmed, humidified, slowed and mixed

45
Q

What happens as oxygen keeps binding to haemoglobin

A

Affinity for oxygen increases

46
Q

What is allosteric behaviour

A

Protein changes shape in response to something that is bound or unbound

47
Q

Allosteric behaviour of haemoglobin

A
48
Q

What is the role of 2,3 - DPG

A

helps unload oxygen

49
Q

What is cooperativity

A

The more 02 the more 02 affinity

50
Q

What does a pulse oximeter determine

A

oxygen binding

don’t assume patient is fit and healthy as can have a low haemoglobin

51
Q

What happens during a rightward shift of oxygen dissociation curve

A

Increase in temperature

Acidosis

Increase in 2,3 - DPG

Exercise

High CO2 (hypercapnia)

52
Q

What happens during a downward shift

A

Anaemia

Impaired oxygen carrying capacity

53
Q

What happens during an upwards shift

A

Polycythemia

54
Q

What effect does carbon monoxide have on oxygen dissociation curve

A

Downwards and leftwards shift

Decreased capacity

Increase affinity

55
Q

What is the relation of foetal haemoglobin to the oxygen dissociation curve

A

Greater affinity that adult HbA to extraxt oxygen from mothers placenta

56
Q

What is the relation of myoglobin to oxygen dissociation curve

A

Myoglobin has a greater affinity than adult HbA to extract oxygen - exist in muscles, storage cupboard

57
Q

Why is the oxygen saturation lower in tissues

A

Airway dumps blood with less oxygen which dilutes blood saturation

58
Q

How much is the saturation of haemglobin as it travels back to lungs

A

75%

59
Q

What is resting oxygen consumption

A

250mLm/min

60
Q

What is HbC02

A

Carbaminohaemoglobin

61
Q

How does C02 load into tissues

A
62
Q

Why do we not produce a proportionate amount of C02 compared to O2

A

Due to the water as a byproduct

63
Q

What is the pulmonary transit time

A

C02 is more soluble, less time

Gas exchange time normally 0.25s

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine (11 decks)

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