Structure and Function of the airway

Question 1

What type of branching are the lungs

Answer 1

Dichotomos branching

Question 2

Electron microscope of Type 1 and 2 cells

Answer 2

Question 3

How is respiration facilitated

Answer 3

Control of calibre

Protection and cleansing

Mechanical stability (cartilage)

Question 4

How do conchae facilitate respiration

Answer 4

Highly vascular - warming and humidification

Nasal hairs filter out large particles

Question 5

What lining cells are in airway

Answer 5

Ciliated, intermediated, brush, basal

Question 6

What are contractile cells

Answer 6

Smooth muscle (airway, vasculature)

Question 7

What are secretory cells in airway

Answer 7

Goblet (epitheliumm), mucous, serous (glands)

Question 8

What are connective tissue in airway

Answer 8

Fibroblast, interstital cell (elastin, collagen, cartilage)

Question 9

What are neuroendocrine cells

Answer 9

Nerves, ganglia, neuroendocrine cells, neruoepithelial bodies

Question 10

What are vascular cells in airway

Answer 10

Endothelial, pericyte, plasma cell

Question 11

What are immune cells in the airway

Answer 11

Mast cell, dendritic cells, lymphocyte, eosinophil, macrophage, neutrophil

Question 12

What happens when water comes into contact with mucin globule

Answer 12

Expansion

Granules come to the apical surface

Open up on surface

Question 13

Diagram of human bronchial gland

Answer 13

Serous cells secrete anti-bacterial enzymes - more watery

Mucous cells secrete mucus - more viscous

Gland secretes water and salts

Question 14

How do the cilia move back and forth

Answer 14

Microtubules that slide over each other

Question 15

What is the rhythm that cilia beat

Answer 15

Metachronal

Question 16

Electron micrograph of mucus sitting on top of cilia

Answer 16

Question 17

What is the function of the airway epithelium

Answer 17

Secretion of mucins, water and electrolytes

Movement of mucus by cilia - mucociliary clearance

Physical berrier

Production of regulatory and inflammatory mediators: NO, CO (via hemeoxygenase), prostaglandins, chemkines, cytokines, proteases

Question 18

What is colour is the staining of the anti-NOS antibody

Answer 18

Brown

Question 19

What happens during inflammaation of airway of smooth muscles

Answer 19

STRUCTURE: Hypertrophy (getting bigger), proliferation

TONE: Contraction and relaxation

SECRETION: Mediators, Cytokines, Chemokines

Question 20

What is the blood flow to airway mucose

Answer 20

100-150mL/min/100g tissue

Question 21

What are the different vascular structures in the bornchi

Answer 21

Aorta, intercostal arteries

Systemic veins

Bronchial and pulmonary veins

Question 22

Image of subeptihelium microvascular network

Answer 22

Uses expoy resin to create it

Question 23

What is the gas exchange between the airway tissues and blood

Answer 23

vasculatuture contributes to warm air, mudification of air

IClear inflammatory mediators

Clears inhaled drugs

Supplied airways tissue and lumen with inflammatory cells and proteinaceous plasma

Question 24

Where are the neurotransmitters released

Answer 24

All along the bulbs

Question 25

What is a type of protease in the airway

Answer 25

Neutrophil elastase

Question 26

What are some respiratory diseases

Answer 26

Asthma - 5%

COPD - 4th cause of death

CF - lethal autosomal recessive gene

Airway inflammation, airway obstrucition, airway remodelling

Question 27

What do Type 1 cells do

Answer 27

Facilitate gas exchange

Question 28

What do Type 2 cells

Answer 28

Xenobiotic metabolism

Secrete surfactant

Replicate to replace Type 1