CV disorders Flashcards
Heart failure definitions and terminology
Heart unable to maintain adequate circulation for metabolic requiments of body
Decrease in diastolic and systolic fucntion
Preserved and reduced ejection fraction <50 and <40
Heart failure pathophysiology
Underlying cause - secondary to cardiac damage (ischemia, myopathy), hypertnesion, valve idsease
Heart failure investigations
Signs and symptoms - exertional dyspnoea
Heart failure treatment options
Drugs that reduce exertional pressure on the heart
Difference between reduced ejection fraction and preserved ejection fracction
HFrEF - muslce walls become thinner so less blood is pumped out
HFpEF - smaller area of blood to be pumped out
Enlarged QRS complex may be found
Atrial arrhythmias
Atrial fibrillation - disorganised electric activity and contraction
Wolff-Parkison-White - syndrome causing tachycardia and adnormal cardiac electrical conductance
Atrial arrhythmias pathophsyiology
Atrial arrhytmias investigations
Atrial arrhythmias treametns
AF: strategies to maintain sinus (cardioversion, anti-arrythmics, catheter ablation
WPW: benign, no treatmetn required
Diagram of AF and WPW
Conduction block definitions
Conduction block pathphysiology
Damage: fibrosis, calcification, necrosis to conduction system (AV node or HIS Purkinje system)
Conduction block investigations
ECG findings
1st degree: Increase P-R interval
2nd degree: Increase P-R interval, missing QRS complexes
3rd degree: p waves not followed by QRS complexes
Conduction block investigations
Discontinuation of AV blocking drugs (beta blocks, calcium channel blockers)
Pacemaker implantation
Diagram of conduction block
Hypertension definition
Hypertension underlying cause
Primary: unknown
Secondary: resulting from another medical condition(kidney disease, adrenal disease)
Hypertension investigations
Hypertension treatment options
Lifestyle changes followe by anti-hypertensive medication
What are the consequences of hypertension
Increase stroke
Heart failure
Myocardiac infarction
kidney disease
Acute coronary syndromes definition
Angina - chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis
Acute coronary syndromes pathophysiology
Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery causing ischemia (angina), artery blockage (NSTEMI) and complete artery blockage (STEMI)
Acute conorary syndromes investigations
Acute coronary syndromes treatment options
Angina: vasodilators
NSTEM, STEMII: coronary stents, antiplatelets, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen and pain relief
Whats the diffferent between angina and NSTEMI
NSTEMI more likely to get ST depression
Angina just describes the pain
NSTEMI and STEMI
