CV disorders

Question 1

Heart failure definitions and terminology

Answer 1

Heart unable to maintain adequate circulation for metabolic requiments of body

Decrease in diastolic and systolic fucntion

Preserved and reduced ejection fraction <50 and <40

Question 2

Heart failure pathophysiology

Answer 2

Underlying cause - secondary to cardiac damage (ischemia, myopathy), hypertnesion, valve idsease

Question 3

Heart failure investigations

Answer 3

Signs and symptoms - exertional dyspnoea

Question 4

Heart failure treatment options

Answer 4

Drugs that reduce exertional pressure on the heart

Question 5

Difference between reduced ejection fraction and preserved ejection fracction

Answer 5

HFrEF - muslce walls become thinner so less blood is pumped out

HFpEF - smaller area of blood to be pumped out

Enlarged QRS complex may be found

Question 6

Atrial arrhythmias

Answer 6

Atrial fibrillation - disorganised electric activity and contraction

Wolff-Parkison-White - syndrome causing tachycardia and adnormal cardiac electrical conductance

Question 7

Atrial arrhythmias pathophsyiology

Question 8

Atrial arrhytmias investigations

Question 9

Atrial arrhythmias treametns

Answer 9

AF: strategies to maintain sinus (cardioversion, anti-arrythmics, catheter ablation

WPW: benign, no treatmetn required

Question 10

Diagram of AF and WPW

Answer 10

Question 11

Conduction block definitions

Question 12

Conduction block pathphysiology

Answer 12

Damage: fibrosis, calcification, necrosis to conduction system (AV node or HIS Purkinje system)

Question 13

Conduction block investigations

Answer 13

ECG findings

1st degree: Increase P-R interval

2nd degree: Increase P-R interval, missing QRS complexes

3rd degree: p waves not followed by QRS complexes

Question 14

Conduction block investigations

Answer 14

Discontinuation of AV blocking drugs (beta blocks, calcium channel blockers)

Pacemaker implantation

Question 15

Diagram of conduction block

Answer 15

Question 16

Hypertension definition

Question 17

Hypertension underlying cause

Answer 17

Primary: unknown

Secondary: resulting from another medical condition(kidney disease, adrenal disease)

Question 18

Hypertension investigations

Question 19

Hypertension treatment options

Answer 19

Lifestyle changes followe by anti-hypertensive medication

Question 20

What are the consequences of hypertension

Answer 20

Increase stroke

Heart failure

Myocardiac infarction

kidney disease

Question 21

Acute coronary syndromes definition

Answer 21

Angina - chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis

Question 22

Acute coronary syndromes pathophysiology

Answer 22

Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery causing ischemia (angina), artery blockage (NSTEMI) and complete artery blockage (STEMI)

Question 23

Acute conorary syndromes investigations

Question 24

Acute coronary syndromes treatment options

Answer 24

Angina: vasodilators

NSTEM, STEMII: coronary stents, antiplatelets, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen and pain relief

Question 25

Whats the diffferent between angina and NSTEMI

Answer 25

NSTEMI more likely to get ST depression

Angina just describes the pain

Question 26

NSTEMI and STEMI

Answer 26