Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the prevalence of DVT annually in 1000 people?

A

1

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2
Q

after undergoing surgery, in what time period is the risk high of forming a VTE?

A

up to 6 weeks

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3
Q

state some risk factors for VTE

A
age 
trauma 
immobility 
travel 
obesity 
smoking 
cancer 
inherited disease 
pregnancy 
exogenous oestrogen
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4
Q

what are the three virchows triad ?

A

blood constituents
blood vessel damage
blood flow pattern

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5
Q

give two examples of VTE

A

PE

DVT

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6
Q

what are the symptoms of DVT?

A

Swollen, red, tender, warmth, discomfort, inflammation

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7
Q

what is a long term consequence of DVT and what are the symptoms?

A

Post-phlebitic syndrome

o Swelling - Increased pressure pushes blood to superficial veins
o Discomfort – especially towards the end of the day
o Pigmentation
o Ulceration

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8
Q

what are the common symptoms of PE?

A
pleuritic chest pain 
pleural rub on auscultation 
SOB 
haemoptysis 
tachycardia
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9
Q

what are the three outcomes of a PE?

A

resolution
pulmonary hypertension
left heart hypertrophy/failure

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10
Q

describe a venous thrombus

A

¥ ‘Red thrombus’ ~ fibrin and red cells
¥ Deep veins contain valves that increase stagnant blood flow
¥ Therefore, a more thrombotic environment
¥ Results in back pressure
¥ Principally due to stasis and hypercoagulability

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11
Q

Describe a arterial thrombus

A

¥ ‘White clot’ ~ platelets and fibrin
¥ Results in ischaemia and infarction
¥ Principally secondary to atherosclerosis (damage/injury to the vessel)

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12
Q

What a earth symptoms of a massive PE?

A
¥	Acute Severe dyspnoea
¥	Collapse
¥	Central cyanosis
¥	Tachycardia
¥	Low BP
¥	Raised JVP
¥	Altered heart sounds
¥	May cause sudden death
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13
Q

what two investigations can be done to find a diagnosis for DVT?

A

d dimer

compression ultra sound

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14
Q

What test is done to check if the patient should be treated or not

A

clinical probability test

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15
Q

what five investigations can be done for PE ?

A
d dimer 
compression ultrasound 
clinical assessment 
ventilation/perfusion scan 
CT pulmonary angiogram
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16
Q

When should gradual compression stockings be used?

A
¥	Prevention of DVT
¥	Chronic venous insufficiency
¥	Varicose veins
¥	Oedema
¥	Lymphoedema
¥	Prevention of post-phlebitic syndrome
17
Q

what two medications are used to treat VTE

A

low molecular weight heparin for 5 or more days

then warfarin is taking for at least 3 months

18
Q

what medication should be given for a massive PE?

A

thrombolysis