Venous Diease Flashcards
How does respiration affect the lower extremities?
inhale=flow is reduced
exhale=flow occurs
How does respiration affect the upper extremities?
inhale=flow occurs
exhale=flow is reduced
How do muscle impact venous flow?
the contraction of arm/leg muscles squeezes veins and propels blood towards the heart
What are muscles aka?
venous heart
What is superficial thrombophlebitis?
a blood clot in a superficial vein
(GSV, LSV, cephalic, basilic)
often caused by trauma
What is cellulitis?
inflammation of cellular or connective tissue
often caused by bacterial infection
What is edema?
when body tissue contains excess fluids
What are the 2 types of edema?
- Pitting
- Non pitting
What is pitting edema?
when fluid is displaced when pressure is applied
What is non pitting edema?
when tissue is so swollen the fluid does not move with pressure (much worse)
What is a deep venous thrombosis (DVT)?
blood clot within deep veins
causes increased venous pressure
stretches walls
damages valves
Where do DVTs most commonly occur?
calf or where IVs were placed in UE
What is Virchows Triad (causes of DVT)?
- Trauma to vessel
- Venous stasis (bedrest, obesity, etc)
- Hypercoagulability (hormone therapy, chemo)
What are the signs and symptoms of acute DVT?
- swelling
- pain
- erythema (redness)
- warmth
What does acute DVT look like?
-hypo echoic appearance
-spongy
-dilated vessel
-thrombus poorly attached
-abnormal doppler
-vein not compressible
What does chronic DVT look like?
-echogenic
-thrombus adhered to wall
-collaterals (alt path) may be present
-recanalization (reopening) may be present
What are the signs and symptoms of chronic venous disease?
-swelling
-pain
-erythema
-discoloration
-brawny (brown)
-ulcerations
What are the characteristics of a venous ulcer?
-near medial malleolus
-mild pain
-shallow, irregular shape
-oozing
-brawny, varicosities
What are the characteristics of an arterial ulcer?
-near bony areas
-severe pain
-deep, round shape
-little bleeding
-shiny skin, loss of hair, thickened toenails
What does venous reflux disease consist of?
- valves become damaged/diseased
- reflux/backflow occurs
- pooling of blood causes pressure
- surface veins dilate (varicose veins)
What are the 2 types of varicose veins?
Primary and secondary
What are primary varicose veins caused by?
-hereditary
-congenital absence of valves
What are secondary varicose veins caused by?
caused by previous vein condition (DVT, obesity, pregnancy)
What are the treatments for leaky valves?
elevation, compression stockings, surgery
What do filters do?
protects pt from PE by trapping traveling emboli
What are the LE venous duplex veins being scanned?
-distal iliac
-popliteal
-peroneals
-lesser saphenous
-common femoral
-posterior tibials
-great saphenous
-gastrocnemius
What is the most important thing in a venous duplex exam?
compressibility
What is spontaneous and phasic flow?
when flow occurs on its own or with respirations without manual augmentation
What is augmentation?
increase in flow caused by manual compression, abrupt ‘gush’
What is the protocol for UE venous duplex?
-internal jugular
-subclavian (prox and dist)
-axillary
-brachial (2)
-radial (2)
-ulnar (2)
-basilic (above and below elbow)
-cephalic (above and below elbow)
What UE veins are very pulsatile?
jugular and subclavian
What is a contrast venography?
-aka venogram
-‘gold standard’ of venous testing
-contrast injected in foot then serial x-rays (fluoroscopy) are taken
-filling defect indicated thrombus
