Velum Flashcards
What are styloid processes?
Two pen-tip like (Stylus) structures
Where do the styloid processes protrude from?
The bottom of the temporal bone
What muscles are the styloid processes the origin of?
- Styloglossus m.
- Stylopharyngeus m
As you grow, the styloid processes ___ ___.
stretch out
What is the mastoid process?
Two bulky protrusions
Where does the mastoid process protrude from?
base of temporal bone behind the ear
What inserts into the mastoid process?
Sternocleidomastoid
What are the 8 cranial bones?
- frontal (1)
- parietal (2)
- temporal (2)
- occipital (1)
- sphenoid (1)
- ethmoid
What do cranial bones make up?
cranium
What do facial bones make up?
face
What 2 bones is the cheekbone made up of?
- temporal bone (back)
- zygomatic bone (front)
What are the 8/14 facial bones we need to know?
- maxilla (2)
- mandible (1)
- vomer (1)
- zygomatic (2)
- palatine (2)
What facial bones are part of the hard palette?
maxilla
What facial bones are the top jaw?
maxilla
What facial bone is the bottom jaw?
mandible
What are the palatine facial bones?
2 tiny bones go up and back against the maxilla
What facial bones are the back part of the hard palette?
palatine bone(s)
What facial bones are the top part of the nasal cavity?
palatine bone(s)
What is the nasal septum?
divider of one nostril from another
What facial bone sits atop the maxilla?
Vomer
What bone makes the nasal septum and cartilage?
ethmoid bone
What is the zygomatic arch?
2 pieces of the temporal bone and zygomatic bone form the cheekbone
What is the foramen magnum?
hole where your spinal cord that comes out
What are the 3 major cavities?
- oral
- nasal
- pharyngeal
What is the velopharyngeal port?
connection point btw the nasal cavity and the pharyngeal cavity
What 2 ports open in nasal sounds so that the airflow is allowed to go in the nasal cavity and all the vibrations will resonate w/in it?
- nasopharyngeal port
- velopharyngeal port
What is the oropharyngeal isthmus?
narrow opening at the back of the oral cavity
What does the oropharyngeal isthmus separate?
oropharynx from the oral cavity
What is the oropharyngeal isthmus important for?
Swallowing (remains closed so food/liquid doesn’t enter the nasal cavity or the lungs)
What are the 3 locations of pharyngeal constrictors?
- superior
- middle
- inferior
Where do the inferior pharyngeal constrictors attach to?
the thyroid cartilage
Where do the middle pharyngeal constrictors attach to?
the hyoid cartilage
Where do the superior pharyngeal constrictors attach to?
muscle at the top
What are pharyngeal elevators?
A group of muscles in the pharynx
What do pharyngeal elevators connect the nasal cavity to?
- larynx
- esophagus
What are the muscles of the velopharyngeal port (VPP)?
- Superior Constrictor
- Tensor Palati
- Levator Palati
- Palatoglossus
- Palatopharyngeus
What is the origin of the superior constrictor?
- sphenoid bone
- ligament
btw sphenoid and mandible
Where does the superior constrictor insert?
Median raphé of the pharynx
What is the function of the superior constrictor?
closing the velopharyngeal port
Where is the innervation of the superior constrictor?
- Pharyngeal Plexus
- Vagus n. (motor)
What is the Pharyngeal Plexus?
A complex network of nerves that innervates much of the pharyn
What nerve supplies most fibres of the Pharyngeal Plexus?
vagus
What nerve supplies sensory fibres to the Pharyngeal Plexus?
Glossopharyngeal
What nerve supplies some motor fibres to the Pharyngeal Plexus?
Accessory
What is the origin of the levator palati?
- base of the skull (temporal bone)
- base of eustachian tube
Where does the levator palati insert?
middle of medial palate
What is the function of the superior constrictor?
U-shaped muscular sling
Where is the innervation of the levator palati?
- Pharyngeal plexus
- Vagus n. = CN X
What is the origin of the tensor palati?
- bottom of the sphenoid bone
- bottom of Eustachian tube
Where does the tensor palati insert?
sphenoid bone (pterygoid plate) fanning to form palatine aponeurosis
What is the function of the tensor palati?
- spreads out velum
- tenses velum
Where is the innervation of the tensor palati?
Trigeminal n.
What is the only muscle of the palate not innervated by the pharyngeal plexus?
tensor palati
The ___ ___ is above the ___ ___.
velopharyngeal port; pharyngeal isthmus
