Extr Larynx Flashcards
What is a process?
a projection from a structure (usually bone)
What is a fossa?
shallow hollow or depression in the surface of a bone (usually where
something attaches)
What is a raphé?
a groove, ridge, or seam in an organ or tissue, typically marking the line where two halves fused
What constitutes an extrinsic laryngeal structure?
A structure that has one end connecting to the larynx and the other somewhere else
What do extrinsic laryngeal structures do?
- move larynx for swallowing
- stabilize larynx for contraction
What structures do many extrinsic laryngeal structures attach to?
- sternum
- clavicle
- scapula
- mastoid processes
- styloid processes
- hyoid bone
Where is the mastoid process?
behind soft area behind the ear
The styloid process ___ with ___.
evolves with growth
What 2 sets of structures provide superior support for the hyoid bone/larynx?
- mastoid processes
- styloid processes
What is the hyoid bone?
A horseshoe- shaped bone
Where is the hyoid bone?
under the tongue and above the larynx
What does the hyoid bone attach to?
- tongue
- larynx
What does the hyoid bone NOT attach to?
bones
What is the hyoid bone held in space by?
assortment of muscles
What is the hyoid bone held in space by?
assortment of muscles
What are the parts of a hyoid bone?
- greater horn
- lesser horn
- body
Anything that raises the ___ will raise the whole larynx.
hyoid
What is the hyo-laryngeal structure supported by from behind?
- Pharyngeal constrictors
What is the hyo-laryngeal structure supported by from above?
- Pharyngeal elevators (behind)
- Suprahyoid muscles (in front)
What is the hyo-laryngeal structure supported by from below?
- Infrahyoid (‘strap’) muscles
What is the function of infrahyoid (‘strap’) muscles?
lowering the larynx
What are the infrahyoid (‘strap’) muscles?
- thyrohyoid (deep)
- sternothyroid (deep)
- sternohyoid (mid)
- omohyoid (shallow)
What is the origin of the thyrohyoid?
thyroid cartilage
Where is the insertion of the thyrohyoid?
hyoid bone
Where are the innervations of the thyrohyoid?
C1 – C3
What is the origin of the sternothyroid?
manubrium of sternum
Where is the insertion of the sternothyroid?
thyroid cartilage
Where are the innervations of the sternothyroid?
C1 – C3
How do you raise the sternum?
stabilize the larynx and contract it
How do you lower the sternum?
stabilize the sternum and contract it
What is the origin of the sternohyoid?
manubrium of sternum
Where is the insertion of the sternohyoid?
hyoid bone
Where are the innervations of the sternohyoid?
C1 – C3
What are the 2 bellies of the omohyoid?
- superior
- inferior
How are the 2 bellies of the omohyoid joined?
a tendon that attaches to the clavicle
What is the origin of the superior belly of the omohyoid?
intermediate tendon
What is the origin of the inferior belly of the omohyoid?
superior border of scapula
Where is the insertion of the superior belly of the omohyoid?
body of hyoid bone
Where is the insertion of the inferior belly of the omohyoid?
intermediate tendon
Where are the innervations of the omohyoid?
C1 – C3
What would pull on the hyoid bone if contracted?
omohyoid
Which belly of the omohyoid does more work?
superior
What are the suprahyoid muscles?
- digastric (anterior & posterior; shallow)
- mylohyoid (mid)
- stylohyoid (shallow)
- geniohyoid (deep)
What are the 2 bellies of the digastric muscle?
- anterior
- posterior
How are the 2 bellies of the digastric attached?
intermediate tendon attached to the hyoid bone
The two bellies of the digastric form ___ in a fetus.
separately
When do the two bellies of the digastric grow together?
in gestation
What is the origin of the anterior belly of the digastric?
digastric fossa of the mandible
What is the origin of the posterior belly of the digastric?
mastoid notch of the temporal bone
Where is the insertion of the digastric?
hyoid bone via intermediate tendon
Where is the innervation of the anterior belly of the digastric?
- Mandibular n.
- Trigeminal n.
Where is the innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric?
facial nerve
What actions can the digastric perform?
- Depress the mandible
- Raise the hyoid
Mylohyoid wraps around the sides of the ___.
tongue
What does the mylohyoid define?
floor of the mouth
What is the origin of the mylohyoid?
mylohyoid line of the mandible
Where are the insertions of the mylohyoid?
- hyoid bone
- mylohyoid raphé
Where are the innervations of the mylohyoid?
- Mandibular n.
- Trigeminal n.
What actions does the mylohyoid perform?
- Elevate hyoid bone and floor of the mouth
- depress jaw
What is the origin of the geniohyoid?
mental spine of the mandible (series of projections at front of jaw)
Where is the insertion of the geniohyoid?
hyoid bone
Where are the innervations of the geniohyoid?
- cervical n. C1
- hypoglossal nerve
The geniohyoid is a ___ of muscles.
pair
What actions does the geniohyoid perform?
- pull hyoid anterosuperiorly
- depress jaw
What is the origin of the stylohyoid?
styloid process
Where is the insertion of the stylohyoid?
hyoid bone
Where is the innervation of the stylohyoid?
facial nerve
What action does the stylohyoid perform?
raise hyoid
What do pharyngeal constrictors wrap around?
front to back to form pharyngeal tube
What do pharyngeal constrictors make up?
back of throat
What are the 3 pharyngeal constrictors?
- Superior constrictor
- Middle constrictor
- Inferior constrictor
Where is the innervation of the pharyngeal constrictors?
Vagus n.
What action do the pharyngeal constrictors perform?
narrow pharynx
What is the pharyngeal raphe?
Seam down the back of the throat
What is the origin of the middle (pharyngeal) constrictor?
hyoid bone
Where is the insertion of the middle (pharyngeal) constrictor?
median raphé of the pharynx
What is the function of the middle (pharyngeal) constrictor?
- Constrict pharynx
- Retract tongue root
What is the origin of the inferior (pharyngeal) constrictor?
- thyroid c.
- cricoid c.
Where is the insertion of the inferior (pharyngeal) constrictor?
Median raphé of the pharynx
What is the function of the inferior (pharyngeal) constrictor?
narrow lower pharynx for speech/swallowing
Where are pharyngeal constrictors?
behind hyo-larynx
What are pharyngeal elevators?
Muscles that come down into the pharynx to expand the pharynx (pull up and back)
What are the 3 pharyngeal elevators?
- Palatopharyngeus m.
- Salpingopharyngeus m.
- Stylopharyngeus m
Pharyngeal elevators extend from ___ structures down into ___ ___.
superior; pharyngeal walls
What is the origin of the palatopharyngeus m.?
Mucous membrane of soft palate
Where does the palatopharyngeus m. insert?
Thyroid c. (and others)
Where are the innervations of the palatopharyngeus m.?
- Vagus n.
- Accessory n
What are the functions of the palatopharyngeus m.?
- Raise/narrow pharynx
- Raise larynx
- Lower palate
What is the origin of the salpingopharyngeus m.?
auditory (Eustachian) tube
Where does the salpingopharyngeus m. insert?
palatopharyngeus m.
Where are the innervations of the salpingopharyngeus m.?
- Vagus n.
- Accessory n.
What are the functions of the salpingopharyngeus m.?
- Raise/narrow pharynx
- Raise larynx
- Open Eustachian tubes
What is the origin of the stylopharyngeus m.?
Styloid process
Where does the stylopharyngeus m. insert?
Thyroid c. (and others)
Where is the innervation of the stylopharyngeus m.?
- Glossopharyngeal n.
What are the functions of a stylopharyngeus m.?
- Raise/narrow pharynx
- Raise larynx
The hyoid bone is the only bone in the body which is not what?
Attached to bone
Which muscles/ sets of muscles are attached to the hyoid bone?
- Supra hyoid muscles
- Infra hyoid muscle
- Middle pharyngeal constrictor
What are the names of the supra hyoid muscles?
- Mylohyoid
- Geniohyoid
- Digastric
- Stylohyoid
What actions do the supra hyoid muscles have on the hyoid bone?
Elevate hyoid
What are the names of the infrahyoid muscles?
- Sternohyoid
- Thyrohyoid
- Omohyoid
- Sternothyroid
What is phonation produced by?
vibrating different parts of the vocal tract
What are 2 different types of phonation?
- Laryngeal phonation
- Alaryngeal phonation
How open are vocal folds during inspiration?
Wide open
What is the diameter of the trachea when the vocal folds are fully open?
~50% diameter of trachea
Why is the trachea not fully open?
to stop us from choking
Where are vocal folds closed during modal voicing?
- front
- back
Modal voicing has ___ configuration for phonation.
efficient
What causes medial compression during modal voicing?
laryngeal cartilage angle
What causes compression in the back during modal voicing?
Arytenoid c. coming together
Where are vocal folds opened from?
- bottom up
- back forward
Where are vocal folds closed from?
- bottom up
- middle outwards
What is the most common form of voicing?
modal voicing
What is jitter?
Small changes in F0
Modal voicing has ___ jitter.
low
What is shimmer?
Small changes in amplitude
What does EGG show for modal voicing?
A balance of closed and open vocal folds
Modal voice has a ___ ___ spectral tilt.
Slightly negative
Modal voice has an H2 slightly ___ in amplitude than the F0.
lower
What does breathy voice require more of?
airflow
Is breathy voice efficient?
No
What is breathy voice spectrogram a combination of?
- phonation (voicing bar & vocal fold impulses)
- glottal frication
What does EGG shows for breathy voice?
short closure times followed by longer time open
What is one way to produce breathy voice?
- Less medial compression (less Laryngeal Cartilage Angle)
- Wider space throughout
What is another way to produce breathy voice?
- Small glottal space open (glottal chink; less IA)
Breathy voice has a ___ ___ spectral tilt.
very negative
Breathy voice has an H2 much ___ in amplitude than the F0.
lower
Is whispering efficient?
No
What is whispering?
Voiceless speech, sometimes with high pressure
What is needed to produce a whisper?
- Medial compression (Laryngeal Cartilage Angle)
- Wider space (Posterior Cricoarytenoid)
- Glottal chink open (less IA)
Does whispering produce periodic or aperiodic vibrations?
Periodic
What is the difference between breathy and whispering?
less compression and no ossilation for whispering
What is the source for whispering?
turbulent air that rushes through vocal folds
What replaces voicing for whispering?
frication at the vocal folds
What might tonal whispering rely on?
- F0
- length
What does a whispering spectrogram show?
- lack of avoicing bar
- lots of frication
What does an EGG show for whispering?
slight activity, which is caused by turbulence at the glottis
Is the waveform for whispering period or aperiodic?
aperiodic
What does whispering sometimes show formants for?
vowels
Whispering has ___ spectral tilt.
no
When does creaky voice occur?
when F0 drops below threshold
What is needed to produce creaky voice?
- Short, slack vocal folds (no Laryngeal Cartilage Angle)
- Arytenoid c. together (IA)
How long are periods of vocal fold opening for creaky voice?
Breif
What structures might creaky voice also engage?
supraglottal structures
Is creaky voice efficient?
Yes, very. It is used when tired.
What can you hear during creaky voice?
Individual occilation
What does EGG show for creay voice?
longer contact (closed for long time)
What is creaky voice characterized by?
- Lower f0
- F0 variation (jitter)
- Slight amplitude variation (shimmer)
What is creaky voice highly varied in?
- amplitude
- pitch
Creaky voice has a ___ spectral tilt.
positive
Creaky voice has a H2 slightly ___ in amplitude than the F0.
higher
What is needed to produce falsetto?
- Transverse Arytenoid (TA) relaxes
- Cricothyroid strong activation
- Vocal folds may not touch at all
What is the thickness of vocal folds during falsetto?
very thin
What are the consequences of vocal folds being very thin during a falsetto?
- high F0
- vocal fold vibrate like strings
What 2 phonation types does yodelling transition between?
- modal
- falsetto
Growl can be___ or ___.
voiceless; voiced
How is a growl produced?
- aryepiglottic folds vibrate
- vocal folds vibrate
Growl exemplifies ___ and ___.
jitter vocing; frication
What does a growl EGG show? Why?
- rapid velocity changes in part
- because the aryepiglottic folds are big and bulky
What is another name for a growl?
aryepiglottic trill
When phonation is produced by vibrating the cheeks, what is it called?
Buccal speech
When phonation is produced by vibrating the esophagus, what is it called?
Esophageal speech
When phonation is produced by vibrating the pharynx wall and tongue, what is it called?
Pharyngeal speech
How is buccal speech produced?
- Air held between upper jaw and cheek
- Forced through the gap behind teeth into the mouth
How long does buccal speech last?
2 seconds for each cheek
Buccal phonation has a ___ F0.
higher
Who is esophageal phonation used by?
people with laryngectomies
What is another name for esophageal phonation?
belching
How long does esophageal speech last?
5 words/breath
Esophageal phonation has a ___ frequency.
low
Esophageal phonation is ___ than other phonation types.
quieter
How is pharyngeal phonation produced?
By using air supply made from the back of the tongue and the rear pharyngeal wall
Pharyngeal phonation is ___ to produce.
hard
Which type(s) of phonation is/are characterized by positive spectral tilt?
Creaky voice
Is whisper actually phonation?
Maybe … The voice source is actually frication, so does that fit the standard perception/definition of phonation
What are the aryepiglottic folds?
The aryepiglottic folds are the top edge of the quadrilateral membrane: the aryepiglottic muscle and mucous membrane (and some car/large, like the cuneiform cartilage) that run from the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages
What do the vocal folds do during falsetto phonation?
- Stretch very taut
- vibrate almost like strings
- May not even touch
