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Ling 314 > Extr Larynx > Flashcards

Extr Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What is a process?

A

a projection from a structure (usually bone)

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2
Q

What is a fossa?

A

shallow hollow or depression in the surface of a bone (usually where
something attaches)

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3
Q

What is a raphé?

A

a groove, ridge, or seam in an organ or tissue, typically marking the line where two halves fused

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4
Q

What constitutes an extrinsic laryngeal structure?

A

A structure that has one end connecting to the larynx and the other somewhere else

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5
Q

What do extrinsic laryngeal structures do?

A
  • move larynx for swallowing
  • stabilize larynx for contraction
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6
Q

What structures do many extrinsic laryngeal structures attach to?

A
  • sternum
  • clavicle
  • scapula
  • mastoid processes
  • styloid processes
  • hyoid bone
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7
Q

Where is the mastoid process?

A

behind soft area behind the ear

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8
Q

The styloid process ___ with ___.

A

evolves with growth

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9
Q

What 2 sets of structures provide superior support for the hyoid bone/larynx?

A
  • mastoid processes
  • styloid processes
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10
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

A horseshoe- shaped bone

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11
Q

Where is the hyoid bone?

A

under the tongue and above the larynx

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12
Q

What does the hyoid bone attach to?

A
  • tongue
  • larynx
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13
Q

What does the hyoid bone NOT attach to?

A

bones

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14
Q

What is the hyoid bone held in space by?

A

assortment of muscles

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15
Q

What is the hyoid bone held in space by?

A

assortment of muscles

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16
Q

What are the parts of a hyoid bone?

A
  • greater horn
  • lesser horn
  • body
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17
Q

Anything that raises the ___ will raise the whole larynx.

A

hyoid

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18
Q

What is the hyo-laryngeal structure supported by from behind?

A
  • Pharyngeal constrictors
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19
Q

What is the hyo-laryngeal structure supported by from above?

A
  • Pharyngeal elevators (behind)
  • Suprahyoid muscles (in front)
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20
Q

What is the hyo-laryngeal structure supported by from below?

A
  • Infrahyoid (‘strap’) muscles
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21
Q

What is the function of infrahyoid (‘strap’) muscles?

A

lowering the larynx

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22
Q

What are the infrahyoid (‘strap’) muscles?

A
  • thyrohyoid (deep)
  • sternothyroid (deep)
  • sternohyoid (mid)
  • omohyoid (shallow)
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23
Q

What is the origin of the thyrohyoid?

A

thyroid cartilage

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24
Q

Where is the insertion of the thyrohyoid?

A

hyoid bone

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25
Q

Where are the innervations of the thyrohyoid?

A

C1 – C3

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26
Q

What is the origin of the sternothyroid?

A

manubrium of sternum

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27
Q

Where is the insertion of the sternothyroid?

A

thyroid cartilage

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28
Q

Where are the innervations of the sternothyroid?

A

C1 – C3

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29
Q

How do you raise the sternum?

A

stabilize the larynx and contract it

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30
Q

How do you lower the sternum?

A

stabilize the sternum and contract it

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31
Q

What is the origin of the sternohyoid?

A

manubrium of sternum

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32
Q

Where is the insertion of the sternohyoid?

A

hyoid bone

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33
Q

Where are the innervations of the sternohyoid?

A

C1 – C3

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34
Q

What are the 2 bellies of the omohyoid?

A
  • superior
  • inferior
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35
Q

How are the 2 bellies of the omohyoid joined?

A

a tendon that attaches to the clavicle

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36
Q

What is the origin of the superior belly of the omohyoid?

A

intermediate tendon

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37
Q

What is the origin of the inferior belly of the omohyoid?

A

superior border of scapula

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38
Q

Where is the insertion of the superior belly of the omohyoid?

A

body of hyoid bone

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39
Q

Where is the insertion of the inferior belly of the omohyoid?

A

intermediate tendon

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40
Q

Where are the innervations of the omohyoid?

A

C1 – C3

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41
Q

What would pull on the hyoid bone if contracted?

A

omohyoid

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42
Q

Which belly of the omohyoid does more work?

A

superior

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43
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A
  • digastric (anterior & posterior; shallow)
  • mylohyoid (mid)
  • stylohyoid (shallow)
  • geniohyoid (deep)
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44
Q

What are the 2 bellies of the digastric muscle?

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
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45
Q

How are the 2 bellies of the digastric attached?

A

intermediate tendon attached to the hyoid bone

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46
Q

The two bellies of the digastric form ___ in a fetus.

A

separately

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47
Q

When do the two bellies of the digastric grow together?

A

in gestation

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48
Q

What is the origin of the anterior belly of the digastric?

A

digastric fossa of the mandible

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49
Q

What is the origin of the posterior belly of the digastric?

A

mastoid notch of the temporal bone

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50
Q

Where is the insertion of the digastric?

A

hyoid bone via intermediate tendon

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51
Q

Where is the innervation of the anterior belly of the digastric?

A
  • Mandibular n.
  • Trigeminal n.
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52
Q

Where is the innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric?

A

facial nerve

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53
Q

What actions can the digastric perform?

A
  • Depress the mandible
  • Raise the hyoid
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54
Q

Mylohyoid wraps around the sides of the ___.

A

tongue

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55
Q

What does the mylohyoid define?

A

floor of the mouth

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56
Q

What is the origin of the mylohyoid?

A

mylohyoid line of the mandible

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57
Q

Where are the insertions of the mylohyoid?

A
  • hyoid bone
  • mylohyoid raphé
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58
Q

Where are the innervations of the mylohyoid?

A
  • Mandibular n.
  • Trigeminal n.
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59
Q

What actions does the mylohyoid perform?

A
  • Elevate hyoid bone and floor of the mouth
  • depress jaw
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60
Q

What is the origin of the geniohyoid?

A

mental spine of the mandible (series of projections at front of jaw)

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61
Q

Where is the insertion of the geniohyoid?

A

hyoid bone

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62
Q

Where are the innervations of the geniohyoid?

A
  • cervical n. C1
  • hypoglossal nerve
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63
Q

The geniohyoid is a ___ of muscles.

A

pair

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64
Q

What actions does the geniohyoid perform?

A
  • pull hyoid anterosuperiorly
  • depress jaw
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65
Q

What is the origin of the stylohyoid?

A

styloid process

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66
Q

Where is the insertion of the stylohyoid?

A

hyoid bone

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67
Q

Where is the innervation of the stylohyoid?

A

facial nerve

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68
Q

What action does the stylohyoid perform?

A

raise hyoid

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69
Q

What do pharyngeal constrictors wrap around?

A

front to back to form pharyngeal tube

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70
Q

What do pharyngeal constrictors make up?

A

back of throat

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71
Q

What are the 3 pharyngeal constrictors?

A
  • Superior constrictor
  • Middle constrictor
  • Inferior constrictor
72
Q

Where is the innervation of the pharyngeal constrictors?

A

Vagus n.

73
Q

What action do the pharyngeal constrictors perform?

A

narrow pharynx

74
Q

What is the pharyngeal raphe?

A

Seam down the back of the throat

75
Q

What is the origin of the middle (pharyngeal) constrictor?

A

hyoid bone

76
Q

Where is the insertion of the middle (pharyngeal) constrictor?

A

median raphé of the pharynx

77
Q

What is the function of the middle (pharyngeal) constrictor?

A
  • Constrict pharynx
  • Retract tongue root
78
Q

What is the origin of the inferior (pharyngeal) constrictor?

A
  • thyroid c.
  • cricoid c.
79
Q

Where is the insertion of the inferior (pharyngeal) constrictor?

A

Median raphé of the pharynx

80
Q

What is the function of the inferior (pharyngeal) constrictor?

A

narrow lower pharynx for speech/swallowing

81
Q

Where are pharyngeal constrictors?

A

behind hyo-larynx

82
Q

What are pharyngeal elevators?

A

Muscles that come down into the pharynx to expand the pharynx (pull up and back)

83
Q

What are the 3 pharyngeal elevators?

A
  • Palatopharyngeus m.
  • Salpingopharyngeus m.
  • Stylopharyngeus m
84
Q

Pharyngeal elevators extend from ___ structures down into ___ ___.

A

superior; pharyngeal walls

85
Q

What is the origin of the palatopharyngeus m.?

A

Mucous membrane of soft palate

86
Q

Where does the palatopharyngeus m. insert?

A

Thyroid c. (and others)

87
Q

Where are the innervations of the palatopharyngeus m.?

A
  • Vagus n.
  • Accessory n
88
Q

What are the functions of the palatopharyngeus m.?

A
  • Raise/narrow pharynx
  • Raise larynx
  • Lower palate
89
Q

What is the origin of the salpingopharyngeus m.?

A

auditory (Eustachian) tube

90
Q

Where does the salpingopharyngeus m. insert?

A

palatopharyngeus m.

91
Q

Where are the innervations of the salpingopharyngeus m.?

A
  • Vagus n.
  • Accessory n.
92
Q

What are the functions of the salpingopharyngeus m.?

A
  • Raise/narrow pharynx
  • Raise larynx
  • Open Eustachian tubes
93
Q

What is the origin of the stylopharyngeus m.?

A

Styloid process

94
Q

Where does the stylopharyngeus m. insert?

A

Thyroid c. (and others)

95
Q

Where is the innervation of the stylopharyngeus m.?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal n.
96
Q

What are the functions of a stylopharyngeus m.?

A
  • Raise/narrow pharynx
  • Raise larynx
97
Q

The hyoid bone is the only bone in the body which is not what?

A

Attached to bone

98
Q

Which muscles/ sets of muscles are attached to the hyoid bone?

A
  • Supra hyoid muscles
  • Infra hyoid muscle
  • Middle pharyngeal constrictor
99
Q

What are the names of the supra hyoid muscles?

A
  • Mylohyoid
  • Geniohyoid
  • Digastric
  • Stylohyoid
100
Q

What actions do the supra hyoid muscles have on the hyoid bone?

A

Elevate hyoid

101
Q

What are the names of the infrahyoid muscles?

A
  • Sternohyoid
  • Thyrohyoid
  • Omohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
102
Q

What is phonation produced by?

A

vibrating different parts of the vocal tract

103
Q

What are 2 different types of phonation?

A
  • Laryngeal phonation
  • Alaryngeal phonation
104
Q

How open are vocal folds during inspiration?

A

Wide open

105
Q

What is the diameter of the trachea when the vocal folds are fully open?

A

~50% diameter of trachea

106
Q

Why is the trachea not fully open?

A

to stop us from choking

107
Q

Where are vocal folds closed during modal voicing?

A
  • front
  • back
108
Q

Modal voicing has ___ configuration for phonation.

A

efficient

109
Q

What causes medial compression during modal voicing?

A

laryngeal cartilage angle

110
Q

What causes compression in the back during modal voicing?

A

Arytenoid c. coming together

111
Q

Where are vocal folds opened from?

A
  • bottom up
  • back forward
112
Q

Where are vocal folds closed from?

A
  • bottom up
  • middle outwards
113
Q

What is the most common form of voicing?

A

modal voicing

114
Q

What is jitter?

A

Small changes in F0

115
Q

Modal voicing has ___ jitter.

A

low

116
Q

What is shimmer?

A

Small changes in amplitude

117
Q

What does EGG show for modal voicing?

A

A balance of closed and open vocal folds

118
Q

Modal voice has a ___ ___ spectral tilt.

A

Slightly negative

119
Q

Modal voice has an H2 slightly ___ in amplitude than the F0.

A

lower

120
Q

What does breathy voice require more of?

A

airflow

121
Q

Is breathy voice efficient?

A

No

122
Q

What is breathy voice spectrogram a combination of?

A
  • phonation (voicing bar & vocal fold impulses)
  • glottal frication
123
Q

What does EGG shows for breathy voice?

A

short closure times followed by longer time open

124
Q

What is one way to produce breathy voice?

A
  • Less medial compression (less Laryngeal Cartilage Angle)
  • Wider space throughout
125
Q

What is another way to produce breathy voice?

A
  • Small glottal space open (glottal chink; less IA)
126
Q

Breathy voice has a ___ ___ spectral tilt.

A

very negative

127
Q

Breathy voice has an H2 much ___ in amplitude than the F0.

A

lower

128
Q

Is whispering efficient?

A

No

129
Q

What is whispering?

A

Voiceless speech, sometimes with high pressure

130
Q

What is needed to produce a whisper?

A
  • Medial compression (Laryngeal Cartilage Angle)
  • Wider space (Posterior Cricoarytenoid)
  • Glottal chink open (less IA)
131
Q

Does whispering produce periodic or aperiodic vibrations?

A

Periodic

132
Q

What is the difference between breathy and whispering?

A

less compression and no ossilation for whispering

133
Q

What is the source for whispering?

A

turbulent air that rushes through vocal folds

134
Q

What replaces voicing for whispering?

A

frication at the vocal folds

135
Q

What might tonal whispering rely on?

A
  • F0
  • length
136
Q

What does a whispering spectrogram show?

A
  • lack of avoicing bar
  • lots of frication
137
Q

What does an EGG show for whispering?

A

slight activity, which is caused by turbulence at the glottis

138
Q

Is the waveform for whispering period or aperiodic?

A

aperiodic

139
Q

What does whispering sometimes show formants for?

A

vowels

140
Q

Whispering has ___ spectral tilt.

A

no

141
Q

When does creaky voice occur?

A

when F0 drops below threshold

142
Q

What is needed to produce creaky voice?

A
  • Short, slack vocal folds (no Laryngeal Cartilage Angle)
  • Arytenoid c. together (IA)
142
Q

How long are periods of vocal fold opening for creaky voice?

A

Breif

143
Q

What structures might creaky voice also engage?

A

supraglottal structures

144
Q

Is creaky voice efficient?

A

Yes, very. It is used when tired.

145
Q

What can you hear during creaky voice?

A

Individual occilation

146
Q

What does EGG show for creay voice?

A

longer contact (closed for long time)

147
Q

What is creaky voice characterized by?

A
  • Lower f0
  • F0 variation (jitter)
  • Slight amplitude variation (shimmer)
148
Q

What is creaky voice highly varied in?

A
  • amplitude
  • pitch
149
Q

Creaky voice has a ___ spectral tilt.

A

positive

150
Q

Creaky voice has a H2 slightly ___ in amplitude than the F0.

A

higher

151
Q

What is needed to produce falsetto?

A
  • Transverse Arytenoid (TA) relaxes
  • Cricothyroid strong activation
  • Vocal folds may not touch at all
152
Q

What is the thickness of vocal folds during falsetto?

A

very thin

153
Q

What are the consequences of vocal folds being very thin during a falsetto?

A
  • high F0
  • vocal fold vibrate like strings
154
Q

What 2 phonation types does yodelling transition between?

A
  • modal
  • falsetto
155
Q

Growl can be___ or ___.

A

voiceless; voiced

156
Q

How is a growl produced?

A
  • aryepiglottic folds vibrate
  • vocal folds vibrate
157
Q

Growl exemplifies ___ and ___.

A

jitter vocing; frication

158
Q

What does a growl EGG show? Why?

A
  • rapid velocity changes in part
  • because the aryepiglottic folds are big and bulky
159
Q

What is another name for a growl?

A

aryepiglottic trill

160
Q

When phonation is produced by vibrating the cheeks, what is it called?

A

Buccal speech

161
Q

When phonation is produced by vibrating the esophagus, what is it called?

A

Esophageal speech

162
Q

When phonation is produced by vibrating the pharynx wall and tongue, what is it called?

A

Pharyngeal speech

163
Q

How is buccal speech produced?

A
  • Air held between upper jaw and cheek
  • Forced through the gap behind teeth into the mouth
164
Q

How long does buccal speech last?

A

2 seconds for each cheek

165
Q

Buccal phonation has a ___ F0.

A

higher

166
Q

Who is esophageal phonation used by?

A

people with laryngectomies

167
Q

What is another name for esophageal phonation?

A

belching

168
Q

How long does esophageal speech last?

A

5 words/breath

169
Q

Esophageal phonation has a ___ frequency.

A

low

170
Q

Esophageal phonation is ___ than other phonation types.

A

quieter

171
Q

How is pharyngeal phonation produced?

A

By using air supply made from the back of the tongue and the rear pharyngeal wall

172
Q

Pharyngeal phonation is ___ to produce.

A

hard

173
Q

Which type(s) of phonation is/are characterized by positive spectral tilt?

A

Creaky voice

174
Q

Is whisper actually phonation?

A

Maybe … The voice source is actually frication, so does that fit the standard perception/definition of phonation

175
Q

What are the aryepiglottic folds?

A

The aryepiglottic folds are the top edge of the quadrilateral membrane: the aryepiglottic muscle and mucous membrane (and some car/large, like the cuneiform cartilage) that run from the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages

176
Q

What do the vocal folds do during falsetto phonation?

A
  • Stretch very taut
  • vibrate almost like strings
  • May not even touch

Ling 314 (10 decks)

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