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Ling 314 > The CNS > Flashcards

The CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is does the CNS include?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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2
Q

What are neurons?

A

nerve cells

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3
Q

What does the PNS include?

A
  • spinal nerves
  • cranial nerves
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4
Q

What two categories of cells are classified as neural tissue?

A
  • Neurons
  • Neuroglia (glia; glial cells)
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5
Q

What is the matrix for neural cells?

A

Network composed of proteins and polysaccharides

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6
Q

What are the main purposes of neural tissue?

A
  • communication
  • integration
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7
Q

What are the components of a neuron?

A
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • soma
  • nucleus
  • synapses
  • myelin sheath
  • nodes of Ranvier
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8
Q

Where does information enter the neuron?

A

through the dentrites

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9
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

insulation

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10
Q

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

gaps in between the myelin sheath surrounding axons

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11
Q

Where do neurons connect to other nerve cells?

A

through the synapses

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12
Q

What is the path of electrical impulses in the neuron?

A

dendrites > soma > axon > myelin sheath > synapses

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13
Q

What color is the nerve cell?

A

grey

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14
Q

What color is the myelin sheath?

A

white

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15
Q

Where on the brain is there more grey matter?

A

outside

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16
Q

Where on the brain is there more white matter?

A

deeper inside

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17
Q

What is the function of white matter?

A

to transmit messages

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18
Q

What color is the corpus callosum?

A

white

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19
Q

What is grey matter in the CNS called?

A

nuclei

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20
Q

What is white matter in the CNS called?

A

tracts

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21
Q

What is grey matter in the PNS called?

A

ganglia

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22
Q

What is white matter in the PNS called?

A

nerves

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23
Q

What is the exception to white matter of the CNS being called tracts?

A

ocular nerve

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24
Q

What is the synapse?

A

where the end of one nerve cell touches the end of another to communicate

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25
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

the gap between one nerve cell and another

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26
Q

What contains neurotransmitters?

A

vesicles

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27
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical compounds

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28
Q

When are neurotransmitters released?

A

when cell activated through a chemical reaction

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29
Q

What are four examples of neurotransmitters?

A
  • dopamine
  • endorphins
  • serotonin
  • adrenaline
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30
Q

What does the terminus button encompass?

A
  • presynaptic neuron
  • vesicles
  • mitochondrion
  • synaptic cleft
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31
Q

What happens when neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft?

A

they are passed to the postsynaptic neuron and trigger a response

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32
Q

What are the two major parts of the brain?

A
  • Hindbrain
  • Forebrain
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33
Q

What is the hindbrain comprised with?

A
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
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34
Q

What are the two components of the brainstem?

A
  • pons
  • medulla
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35
Q

What is the forebrain compromised of?

A
  • diencephalon
  • cerebrum
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36
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Gray matter in the deepest part of the forebrain

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37
Q

What is the diencephalon comprised of?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
  • subthalamus
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38
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The largest part of the human brain, which is responsible for conscious thought, perception, and movement.

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39
Q

What is the cerebrum comprised of?

A
  • grey matter (cerebral cortex)
  • white matter (corpus callosum)
  • two hemispheres
  • four lobes
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40
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

The white matter connecting two hemispheres

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40
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

The white matter connecting two hemispheres

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41
Q

What are the functions of the corpus callosum?

A
  • Communication between hemispheres
  • Eye movement and vision
  • Maintaining the balance of arousal and attention
  • Tactile localization
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42
Q

What are the four lobes?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
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43
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

sensory perception

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44
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

audition

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45
Q

Where is the Sylvian fissure?

A

see image 2.1

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46
Q

Where is the central sulcus?

A

see image 2.2

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47
Q

Where is the precentral gyrus?

A

see image 2.3

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48
Q

Where is the postcentral gyrus?

A

see image 2.3

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49
Q

Where is the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

see image 2.3

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50
Q

Where is Herschl’s gyrus?

A

see image 2.3

51
Q

Where is Broca’s Area?

A

see image 2.3

52
Q

Where is Weirnicke’s Area?

A

see image 2.3

53
Q

Where is the angular gyrus?

A

see image 2.3

54
Q

What does Broca’s aphasia effect?

A
  • grammar
  • spontaneous speech
55
Q

What does Weirnicke’s aphasia effect?

A
  • decoding language
  • impaired understanding of speech
  • impaired silent reading
56
Q

What is the Herschl’s gyrus responsible for?

A

It is responsible for processing auditory information

57
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A
  • fine-tuning of motor control
  • balance, posture, movement
  • cognition (mostly)
58
Q

What does the pons control?

A
  • breathing
  • sleep/consciousness
59
Q

What does the medulla control?

A
  • heart rate
  • breathing
  • blood pressure
60
Q

What does the diencephalon control?

A
  • emotions
  • automated muscular movements
61
Q

What are the functions of the amygdala?

A
  • Processes emotions
  • Fight or flight
  • Swearing
62
Q

What are the four fs of the amygdala?

A
  • fighting
  • fucking
  • feeding
  • fleeing
63
Q

What are gyri?

A

Grooves of brain that stick out

64
Q

What are sucli?

A

Valleys of brain that go in

65
Q

What are fissures?

A

Deep sulci between the lobes

66
Q

What are action potentials?

A

The transmission of electrical charge down axon through dendrites to next neural cells

67
Q

What are ions?

A

atoms with a charge (don’t have equal numbers of protons and electrons)

68
Q

What are the features of an atom?

A
  • do not have an electrical charge
  • do have equal numbers of protons and electrons
69
Q

What charge is the inside of a cell?

A

negative (K+ & Anions-)

70
Q

What charge is the outside of a cell?

A

positive (Na+)

71
Q

What is resting potential?

A

voltage difference between inside and outside of axon at rest

72
Q

What prohibits ions to pass through membrane wall?

A

protein

73
Q

What part of the membrane wall does allow ions to pass?

A
  • gates
  • sodium-potassium pumps
74
Q

What happens when the threshold is reached inside the cell?

A
  • Na+ ion gates open
  • many Na+ ions rush in
  • raises charge (potential)
75
Q

What happens when peak positive potential is reached?

A
  • K+ channels open
  • K+ ions flow out
  • Na+ gates close
  • charge goes down
  • K+ (outside) and Na+ (inside) are switched
76
Q

What happens in the refectory period?

A
  • Pumps move Na+ out
  • Pumps move K+ in
  • Undershoot
77
Q

What is the analogy for the refectory period?

A

flushing toilet

78
Q

What happens to action potential once it reaches the terminal point?

A
  • vesicles move to the membrane wall
  • vesicles hit the membrane wall
  • releases neurotransmitters
  • neurotransmitters move to the synaptic cleft
  • activates receptors on next neuron
  • triggers ion channels to open
79
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Action potentials jump rapidly between the nodes of Ranvier rather than movement continuously along the entire length of the axon

80
Q

AP movement down axon is faster in _____ axon.

A

thicker

81
Q

What areas in the brain is language associated with?

A
  • distributed throughout the entire cortex
  • differential lateralization of cerebral hemispheres
  • areas along the Sylvian fissure (Perisylvian Language Zone)
82
Q

What is cerebral localization?

A

Different areas of the brain serve specific functions

83
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Conscious speech planning

84
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A
  • Left hemisphere on the frontal lobe
  • Posterior portion of the inferior frontal gyrus (frontal operculum)
85
Q

What are the Brodmann’s areas for Broca’s area?

A

45, 44

86
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Conscious speech
comprehension

87
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A
  • Posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG)
  • In the left hemisphere
88
Q

What else is superior temporal gyrus (STG) responsible for?

A

Social cognition

89
Q

What is not effected in Broca’s aphasia?

A

understanding

90
Q

What is not effected in Wernicke’s area?

A
  • production
  • fluency
91
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

A

Tract (of white matter)

92
Q

What is the function of the arcuate fasciculus?

A

To connect Broca’s area with Wernicke’s area

93
Q

What species have an arcuate fasciculus?

A

human primates

94
Q

What results from damage to arcuate fasciculus?

A

conduction aphasia

95
Q

What are the effects of conduction aphasia?

A

Cannot repeat something they are told

96
Q

What remains uneffected in conduction aphasia?

A
  • understanding
  • production
97
Q

What are arcuate fasciculus anatomical differences associated with?

A
  • stuttering
  • dyslexia
  • autism
  • amusia
  • insomnia
98
Q

What areas are associated with perception?

A
  • Wernicke’s area
  • Auditory cortex
  • Visual cortex
  • Somatosensory cortex
  • Amygdala
99
Q

What areas are associated with production?

A
  • Broca’s area
  • Angular gyrus
  • Somatomotor cortex
  • Cerebellum & basal ganglia
100
Q

What is the function of the auditory cortex?

A

Processes auditory information

101
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located?

A

On the superior
temporal gyrus

102
Q

What is the function of the visual cortex?

A

Processes visual
information

103
Q

Where is the visual cortex located?

A

in the occipital lobe

104
Q

Why is the visual cortex important for language?

A
  • facial ques
  • McGurk effect
  • sign language
105
Q

What is the function of the motor cortex?

A
  • to control motor movement
  • to receive a conscious speech plan
106
Q

Where is the motor cortex located?

A

Anterior to central sulcus

107
Q

What is the motor homunculus?

A

The part of the motor cortex that has a direct mapping to each body part

108
Q

What are the largest areas represented on the motor homunculus?

A
  • hands
  • speech articulators
109
Q

What is another name for the motor cortex?

A

somatomotor cortex

110
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?

A

to perceive sensation

111
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

A

Posteriortocentralsulcus

112
Q

What is the sensory homunculus?

A

The part of the somatosensory cortex that has a direct mapping to each body part

113
Q

Are the sensory homunculus and the motor homunculus identical?

A

No, they are slightly different in representation

114
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

Located in deep grey
matter

115
Q

Associations between ____ of ____ amygdala at 6 months and ______ and ______ abilities at 2, 3 and 4 years of age.

A

volume; right; expressive; receptive

116
Q

What is the function of the angular gyrus?

A
  • High-level speech planning
  • Multimodal integration
117
Q

Where is the angular gyrus located?

A
  • Part of parietal lobe
  • near the superior edge of the
    temporal lobe
118
Q

What other part of the brain is also responsible for multimodal integration?

A

cerebellum (lower level)

119
Q

Along which fissure are the language areas located?

A

perisylvian fissure

120
Q

What language areas are located along the Sylvian fissure?

A
  • Auditory cortex
  • Broca’s area
  • Angular gyrus
  • Wernicke’s area
121
Q

What type of processing is the mid-superior temporal gyrus most strongly associated with?

A

phonetic processing

122
Q

What type of processing is the anterior superior temporal gyrus most strongly associated with?

A

auditory word- form processing

123
Q

What type of processing is the anterior superior temporal sulcus most strongly associated with?

A

phrasal processing

124
Q

Individual speech sounds tend to group in the brain according to _______.

A

phonological classes

Ling 314 (10 decks)

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