Basic Anatomy Flashcards
What are the three main anatomical planes?
- Coronal (Frontal)
- Sagittal
- Transverse
What are the orientations of the coronal plane?
- Anterior
- Posterior
What are the orientations of the sagittal plane?
- Medial
- Lateral
What are the orientations of the transverse plane?
- Superior
- Inferior
What is the Frankfurt plane?
The anatomical position of the human skull
Where does the Frankfurt plane pass through?
Plane passing through inferior margin of the left orbit and the upper margin of each ear canal
What are six relative orientations?
- proximal
- distal
- ventral
- dorsal
- rostral
- caudal
What does proximal refer to?
towards centre/body/“root”
What does distal refer to?
away from centre/body/“root”
What does ventral refer to?
towards the belly
What does dorsal refer to?
towards back (dorsal fin on the back)
What does rostral refer to?
towards the beak/nose
What does caudal refer to?
towards the tail
On bipeds, which anatomical orientations are nearly equivalent?
- posterior/dorsal
- anterior/ventral
On bipeds, what does the rostral/caudal plane look like?
curved (see image 1.1)
What anatomical orientation is behind the rostral/caudal plane?
drosal
What anatomical orientation is in front the rostral/caudal plane?
ventral
What is tissue?
Cells within a matrix with a similar structure that perform a common function
What is a matrix?
Intercellular material that differs tissue to tissue
What are the four types of tissue?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous (chapter 3)
- Muscular (chapter 4)
What is epithelial tissue?
Tightly packed cells with very little matrix
What is composed of epithelial tissue?
- body’s surface
- small tubes and ducts in the body
- lining of hollow organs and cavities
What are the function of epithelial tissue?
- Protection
- Absorption & filtration
- Excretions & secretion
- Sensation
What are the cell shapes of epithelial tissue?
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
What is squamous epithelial tissue?
- a single layer of cells (skin)
- looks like outside brick work
What are the number of layer epithelial tissue has?
- simple
- stratifies
What is connective tissue?
Cells with more matrix than cellular material
What are some of the types of different connective tissue?
- fibrous (ex. ligaments, tendons)
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
- adipose tissue (a.k.a fat!)
What is the matrix of bone?
salts
What is the matrix of blood?
water
What are the functions of connective tissue?
- Fixation & support
- Protection
- Energy reserve
- Transportation of fluids and other substances
What is fibrous connective tissue?
Strong, dense, highly organized fibres
What does fibrous connective tissue contain?
- collagen (structure, strength, flexibility)
- elastin (stretch, recoil, flexibility)
What are tendons?
connect muscle to bone or muscles to structures
What are ligaments?
connect bone to cartilage, cartilage to bone, cartilage to cartilage
What function do tendons serve?
move the bone or structure
What is aponeurosis?
A broad, sheet-like tendon composed of many layers
What parts of the body are covered by aponeurosis?
- muscles
- top of the head
- diaphragm
- lines of six pack
What is the function of aponeurosis?
A muscle attachment to move the bone or structure
What is the function of ligaments?
To hold structures together and keep them stable
Are ligaments slightly elastic?
yes, they stretch under tension
What is the anatomical name bones?
osseous
What are the anatomical names for cartilage?
- cartilaginous
- chondral
What is the muscle name composition?
origin-insertion
What is the origin?
the part that does not move when muscle contracts
What is the insertion?
the part that does move when muscle contracts
What is temporal resolution?
Number of samples per unit of time
What is spatial resolution?
Amount of information per sample
When to use temporal resolution?
When trying to find out the WHEN
When to use spatial resolution?
When trying to find out the WHY
