Velopharyngeal Dysfunction (VPD) Flashcards
what are resonance disorders
- hypernasality
- hyponasality
- cul-de-sac
- mixed
what are the characteristics of hypernasality
- coupling of oral and nasal cavities during nonacid (oral) sounds
- muffled due to damping effect (sound absorption) thru turbonates
what are the characteristics of hyponasality
- reduced nasal resonance of nasal sounds due to blockage
- stuffed up
what are the characteristics of cul-de-sac
- structural obstruction
- muffled
- potato-in-the-mouth
what are the characteristics of mixed resonance
- combination of different sounds (usually hypo and hyper)
- happens on different sounds
- common in apraxia
what are other effects of VPD
- nasal air emission
- nasal grimace
- weak or omitted consonants
- short utterance length
- altered rate and duration
describe nasal air emission
- hear air out of nose because of VP not closing or fistula
- rustle due to vp leak or fistula on plosives, fricatives, affricates
describe nasal grimace
- muscle contraction above nasal bridge in effort to achieve VP closure
- compensatory to hopefully change nasality, but doesn’t work
describe weak or omitted consonants
-due to reduced air pressure in oral cavity
describe short utterance length
-frequent replacing of air pressure
describe altered rate and duration
- longer time for utterances
- longer voice onset time
- sometime repeat utterances to make them more clear
what are compensatory articulation effects of VPD
- middorsum palatal stop (aka palatal-dorsal)
- backing
- velar fricative
- oral consonant nasalization
- vowel nasalization
- nasal snort
- nasal sniff
- pharyngeal (really backing)
- posterior nasal fricative
- glottal stop
- /h/ for voiceless plosives
- breathiness
can apraxia accompany VPD
yes and VPD accompanies cleft
T/F: micrognathia causes class 2 malocclusion
True
What are factors that impact VPI and speech
- size of VP opening
- inconsistency of VP closure
- abnormal artic (compensatory artic)
- Abnormal phonation (dysphonia)
What dysphonia characteristics are caused by VPD
- breathy
- hypernasal
- hoarse
- low intensity (loudness)
- glottal fry
- hyperfunctional (strain/strangle quality)
- vocal nodules (caused because of hyper function VFs are pressing at a higher rate causing nodes)
T/F: VPD is the specific description
False; VPD is general
What are the more specific VPDs
- VPInsufficiency
- VPIncompetence
- VP mislearning
what is the difference between VPInsufficiency and VPIncompetence
- VPInsufficiency deals with anatomy-structure
- VPIncompetence deals with physiology-movement
What are examples of VPInsufficiency
- cleft palate
- short velum
- deep pharynx
- adenoid atrophy or irregularity (dents) or adenoidectomy (removal)
- hypertrophic (palatine) tonsils or tonsillectomy
- teeth malocclusion (class III) (bulldog)
- oral cavity tumor
what are examples of VPIncompetence
- abnormal muscles insertion
- hypotonia/poor pharyngeal wall mvmc
- dysarthria, apraxia, neuromuscular disorders
- CN defects (unilateral velar paralysis/paresis)
- velar fatigue
what are examples of VP misleading
- faulty artic
- artic compensation
- bad speech habits (which can be broken)
- hearing loss (kinda like cul-de-sac)
T/F: adenoid issues cause more space and the velum can’t compensate to close space
true
T/F: it is best in cleft kids to remove adenoids
False; rule is to not remove in cleft kids because it helps with VP closure
Is a tonsillectomy rare
yes
T/F: malocclusion changes anatomy
True: usually break jaw or move jaw
Is class II malocclusion common
no not as common
