Vector mediated Apicomplexa Flashcards
Hepatozoon species use what for definitive host and what for vectors?
blood feeding insects for both
What cell type does Hepatozoon species infect?
Leukocytes
How do animals become infected with Hepatozoon?
Ingesting the intermediate host
What is the species that causes American canine hepatozoonosis?
Hepatozoon americanum
What transmits Hepatozoon americanum?
Gulf coast tick
When dogs are the _____ for Hepatozoon americanum, they can become sick
intermediate host
What is the life cycle of Hepatozoon americanum in the tick?
Takes up gamonts via leukocyte ingestion
Sporulated oocysts develop in the tick
Describe the life cycle of Hepatozoon americanum in the dog
Infected via ingestion of the tick containing oocysts
Sporozoite infects macrophage; may reside in onion skin cysts
Merogony takes place in the cyst between muscle layers
Gametogony happens in monocytes
What are the clinical signs in a dog infected with Hepatozoon americanum?
Fever that is intermittent due to merozoite release –> local inflammation and systemic reaction
Myalgia, myasthenia, and are reluctant to move
How would you diagnose Hepatozoon americanum?
Muscle biopsy looking for cysts
T/F The best treatment for this is metronidazole
FALSE; this is something they will likely just have to learn to live with
What are the three important Piroplasms we need to know?
Babesia spp.
Theileria spp.
Cyatauxzoon spp.
What is a unique feature of Piroplasms?
Only asexual phase is seen in vertebrates
Sporozoites are injected with the tick bite
What is the definitive host of Babesia? How is it transmitted?What are the IH we are concerned with?
Ioxid tick
Tick bite
Dogs, cattle, and horses
What is the life cycle of Babesia?
Gametogony occurs within tick, innoculates host with sporozoites with bite.
Directly infects RBCs of host
Develop into prioplasms and replicate into merozoites
merozoites become gamonts, which are then ingested by the tick when feeding, and lifecycle restarts
Where is the one place Babesia motile zygotes can go to cause infections of eggs laid by the tick?
Ovaries
T/F Mixed infections usually occur with Babsiosis and immunity is usually species specific
TRUE
What are clinical signs that would be seen with Babesiosis?
Signs that are associated with the destruction of RBCs
What are the two species that are associated with canine babesiosis?
Babesia canis vogeli
Babesia gibsoni
What is Babesia gibsoni associated with?
Dog fighting
How would you diagnose babesiosis in dogs? What is the treatment?
Do a blood smear to detect parasites in the RBCs
Supportive care, but generally recover from acute stage
Can treat with Imidocarb diproprionate
What species cause bovine babesiosis?
Babesia bigemina
Babesia bovis
T/F Babesiosis is a concern for veterinarians in the US
FALSE; has been eradictated due to cattle dipping. Have killed off the tick that spreads it
T/F Babesiosis infection has been eradicated from the world
FALSE; it is still present in Mexico
What causes equine babesiosis?
Babesia caballi
Theileria equi
What is special about Theileria equi?
No transovarial transmission in ticks
Schizonts go to lymphocytes first, then go to RBCs
Where is equine babesiosis endemic?
TRopical and subtropical areas
T/F equine babesiosis used to be endemic in Texas, but it has been eradicated
FALSE; used to be endemic in FLORIDA. GOTCHA BITCH
How would you diagnose equine babesiosis?
Blood smear that demonstrates parasites in the RBCs
_____ is a disease of domestic cats in the US that results in rapid onset with a high fatality
Cytauxzoon felis
What is the lifecycle of Cytauxzoon felis?
Sporozoites are innoculated via tick bite
Schizogony occurs in macrophages throughout the body
Merozoites develop in RBCs
What are considered to be resevoir hosts for Cytauxzoon felis?
Bobcats
Cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats is seen with what history?
outdoor exposure during tick season
What are some lesions seen with Cytauxzoonosis in cats?
Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and enlarged LNs
How would you diagnose Cytauxzoonosis?
Blood smear to demonstrate parasites in the RBC
Usually only see one organism per RBC
T/F There has been no treatment shown to be effective against Cytauxsoonosis?
TRUE
