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Parasit Final Crap > Flagellates > Flashcards

Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

What is the class of flagellates that has a huge mitochondrion with circular DNA? What is that mitochondrion called?

A

Kinetoplasta

Kinetoplast

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2
Q

What are the two genera of Kinetoplastids that are of importance to animal health?

A

Trypanosoma

Leishmania

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3
Q

What are some general features of Kinetoplastids?

A

They have no cyst stage; there are trypomastigotes and amastigotes in the host

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4
Q

What are some of the general features of Trypanosoma?

A

Most are hemoflagellates
Cause disease called trypanosomiasis
Life cycle is indirect, with blood feeding insect as vector

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5
Q

What are the two groupings of Trypanosoma? What are they based on?

A

Stercoraria and Salivaria

They are based on the vector-mediated transmission form

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6
Q

What are the species of Stercoraria Trypanosomes we are concerned with? Are these pathogenic?

A

Trypanosoma theileri
Trypanosoma melophagium
Trypanosoma cruzi

NO, most are non-pathogenic except for Trypanosoma cruzi

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7
Q

_______ is a stercorarian trypanosome of cattle worldwide

A

Trypanosoma theileri

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8
Q

What is the vector of Trypanosoma theileri?

A

Tabanid flies; spread by contaminative transmission

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9
Q

_______ is the stercorarian trypanosome of sheep

A

Trypanosoma melophagium

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10
Q

What is the vector of Trypanosoma melophagium?

A

Sheep ked; wingless, blood sucking flies

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11
Q

______ is the only stercorarian Trypanosome that is considered a pathogen

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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12
Q

American trypanosomiasis is caused by:

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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13
Q

What is the vector of Trypanosoma cruzi? How does it spread this to the host?

A

Triatomine bugs

It proliferates in the hindgut/feces of the vector and is deposited on the skin of the host by defication

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14
Q

What are some of the ways that Trypanosoma cruzi can be passed to the host?

A

Defication by the vector
Blood transfusion
Ingestion of the Triatomine bug
Transplacental/transmammary routes

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15
Q

What is the general route of infection for Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

They infiltrate the blood as trypomastigotes, which infect host cells. They replicate as amastigotes. Mature back to trypanomastigotes and invade new host cells. Cycle repeats

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16
Q

What age do you usually see Trypansoma cruzi acute infections in dogs? What are the signs?

A

Less than 2 years old

USually see large lymph nodes, weakness, ataxia

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17
Q

How would you diagose the acute stage of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Examine the blood for trypomastigotes, which are C or S shaped and have a large kinetoplast

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18
Q

What does Trypanosoma cruzi chronic infection look like?

A

Foci of intracellular amastigotes are present.
Many develop into fatal dilated cardiomyopathy within 5 years
Dogs are asymptomatic until end stage heart failure

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19
Q

What are the species of organisms in the Salivaria group we are concerned about?

A 
Trypanosoma congolense 
Trypanosoma vivax
Trypanosoma brucei 
Trypanosoma evansi
Trypanosoma equiperdum
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20
Q

How are the salivaria Trypanosomes transmitted?

A

Via bite of vector; they multiply in gut of the vector

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21
Q

Where is the infective form of the salivaria Trypanosomes located? In what fly?

A

Salivary glands

Tse tse fly

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22
Q

Most of the salivaria Trypanosomes are significant pathogens due to them being able to survive in the blood stream. Why can they do this?

A

Produce a glycoprotein that allows them to evade hosts immune system

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23
Q

What are the species that cause African Trypanomiasis?

A

Trypanosoma congolense
Trypanosoma vivax
Trypanosoma brucei (less common than previous two)

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24
Q

Trypanosomiasis in humans is referred to as:

A

african sleeping sickness

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25
Q

African sleeping sickness can be diagnosed by isolating trypanomastigotes from the:

A

Lymph nodes and CNS

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26
Q

What are the sylvanian trypanosomes that are of concern in the US?

A

Trypanosoma vivax
Trypanosoma evansi
Trypanosoma equiperdum

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27
Q

_____ is the trypanosoma that is currently in the Carribean islands and SA and affects cattle

A

Trypanosoma vivax

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28
Q

______ is the blood parasite that is the causative agent of surra

A

Trypanosoma evansi

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29
Q

Trypanosoma evansi can infect most mammals, but _____ and _____ are the principle hosts

A

Camels

Horses

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30
Q

What fly types transmit Trypanosoma evansi?

A

Horse fly, stable fly, and Tse tse fly

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31
Q

______ is a venereal disease of horses that is often called dourine

A

Trypanosoma equiperdum

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32
Q

T/F Trypanosoma equiperdum cannot occur in the US

A

FALSE; it can occur, it has just been eraditcated

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33
Q

How is Trypanosoma equiperdum transmitted?

A

Between male and female (copulation)
Between mare and foal (rare)
Lactogenically

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34
Q

What is the life cycle of Trypanosoma equiperdum?

A

PArasite multiples asexually at site of infection; localizes in the subcutaneous tisses until it gains acess to peripheral blood

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35
Q

Describe the three step process of Trypanosoma equiperdum infection

A

1: Parasite is localized to repro tract
2: Silver dollar plaques on chest/rump/flank. These are pathognomonic
3: Causes anemia and nervous system can be affected

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36
Q

How would you diagnose a Trypanosoma equiperdum infection?

A

detect and ID the parasite. Can be done with smears, wet mounts, or cultures of repro tract secretions

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37
Q

Treatment of Trypanosoma equiperdum?

A

NONE; euthanasia. Want to prevent re-introduction of this parasite

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38
Q

The two classifications of Flagelletes are Trypanasomes and _______

A

Leishmania

39
Q

What are the species of Leishmania we are concerned with?

A

Leishmania infatum

40
Q

What is the disease of Leishmania called?

A

Leishmaniasis

41
Q

T/F Leishmaniasis is zoonotic

A

TRUE; has a wide range of hosts

42
Q

_________ causes visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in North America

A

Leishmania infatum

43
Q

Leishmania infatum life cycle is ____

A

Indirect

44
Q

What vector is commonly used to spread Leishmania infatum?

A

Sandflies

45
Q

How does the vector acquire LEishmania infatum?

A

Ingests macrophages with amastigotes. Parasites then multiply in the vector gut and promastigotes are inoculated when the vector feeds.

46
Q

How does the host acquire Leishmania infatum?

A

Parasites from the vector invade local macrophages, multiply as intracellular amastigotes, which are then released and taken up by other cells. How the parasite migrates in teh body.

47
Q

What are some signs associated with Leishmania infatum?

A

decreased endurance, weight loss, along with lymphadenopathy, skin lesion and cachexia, and deformed overgrowth of nails

48
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Leishmania infatum?

A

It increases IgM/IgG production, which results in circulating immune complexes.
This contributes to glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, and polyarthritis.
Also results in T cell dysfunction and macrophage proliferation

49
Q

T/F Infection with Leishmania infatum can mimick several other diseases including lymphosarcoma

A

TRUE

50
Q

What is the definitive diagnosis for Leishmania infatum?

A

Detect and ID amastigotes in tissues (LN, skin lesions, etc.)
ELISA test is also available

51
Q

T/F Once you cure Leishmaniasis the dog is immune for the duration of its life

A

FALSE; relapses occur in almost all forms of Leishmaniasis

52
Q

Leishmaniasis treatment?

A

Not curative; it is zoonotic so euthanaisia is usually suggested

53
Q

T/F Flea and tick collars can help prevent Leishmaniasis

A

TRUE; they repell sand flies which are the vectors for this disease

54
Q

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by _________ which is retained in small rodents

A

Leishmaniasis mexicana

55
Q

What are the three forms of Leishmania mexicana?

A

Visceral, mucocutaneous, and cutaneous

56
Q

Mucosoflagelletes are made up of:

A 
Giardia duodenalis 
Giardia agilis 
Giardia ardeae
Giardia microti
Giardia muris 
Spironucleus meleagridis
Histomonas meleagridis  
Tritrichomonas foetus
Trichomonas gallinae 
Tritrichomonas blagburni
Tritrichomonas vaginalis
57
Q

Giardia duodenalis causes _______ AKA BEAVER FEVER

A

Giardiasis

58
Q

What are the different genotypes of Giardia duodenalis and what do they effect?

A 
A1: animals A2: Humans
B: Humans
C&D: Dogs 
E: Hoofed animals 
F: Cats
59
Q

T/F NO humans have been found to be infected with C,D,F serotypes of Giardia duodenalis

A

TRUE; they have found animals infected with A and B though

60
Q

T/F Giardia is one of the most common human intestinal parasites

A

TRUE

61
Q

What is the life cycle of Giardia duodenalis?

A

Direct; cyst is ingested with food or water contaminated by feces
Cyst then excysts in the SI where it multiplies asexually.
Trophozoites are non-infective but the cysts passed in the feces are immediately infective

62
Q

What is the most common source of infection for Giardia duodenalis?

A

Water that has been infected by feces

63
Q

What is the main cause of signs associated with Giardia duodenalis?

A

The trophozoite attaches and detaches from the gut epithelium, causing villous atrophy, loss of brush border, and impaired absorption

64
Q

What are some clinical signs?

A

Diarrhea, bloating, nausea

65
Q

How do you diagnose Giardia duodenalis?

A

Fecal float in zinc sulfate; Giradia cysts will take up iodine
The cyst contents will also retract from the wall and form a crescent shape.

66
Q

Treatment for Giardia duodenalis?

A

All extra label; Fenbendazole (pregnant bitches) Albendazole (DONT use in pregnants)

67
Q

Name the other Giardia species and what they infect

A

Giardia agilis: amphibians
Giardia ardeae: birds
Giardia mircoti: voles and muskrats
Giardia muris: rodents

68
Q

Spironucleus meleagridis is a disease of _______ and ______ but not chickens

A

Turkeys and gamebirds

69
Q

What is the life cycle of Spironucleus meleagridis?

A

Direct; trophozoite is ingested with food or water recently contaminated with feces
Localizes in the duodenum and multiplies asexually
Trophozoite is shed into the feces

70
Q

T/F The infective stage for Sprionucleus meleagridis is the cyst that is produced

A

FALSE; there is no cyst produced. IT is the trophozoite

71
Q

What are some signs birds affected with Spironucleus meleagridis would display?

A

Sick bird with white, watery, foamy dropping

72
Q

Treatment for Spironucleus meleagridis?

A

NONE

73
Q

This is a flagellate that has a high mortality rate for turkey poults

A

Histomonas meleagridis

74
Q

T/F Histomonas meleagridis also causes a disease in chickens

A

FALSE; they can be resevoirs though. Important to not house chickens and turkeys together

75
Q

Histomonas meleagridis exists only in the _____ stage

A

trophozoite phase; NO CYST

76
Q

What are the modes of transmission for Histomonas meleagridis?

A

cloaca drinking; can be picked up with contaminated bedding.
Survives for years in eggs of Heterakis gallinarium

77
Q

Where do the trophozoites of Histomonas meleagridis localize?

A

Lumen of the Cecum of the turkey

78
Q

What is the pathognomonic diagnosis of Histomonas meleagridis? What are some other classical signs?

A

Liver lesions

General sick bird appearance

79
Q

_______ is a worldwide veneral disease of cattle

A

Tritrichomonas foetus

80
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus is more common in ______ herd than ______ herds

A

beef

dairy

81
Q

What is the transmission of Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

mechanical transmission during coitus

82
Q

What are the clinical signs of Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

Bulls: asymptomatic
Cow: early embryonic death and abortion. Can rebreed in 2-6 months

83
Q

What is the definitive diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

Schmegma from preputial scrapings or washings

84
Q

What is the treatment of Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

No drugs available
Cull all cows that are open
Management practices to clean up herd

85
Q

What causes canker in pidgeons and doves as well as Frounce in birds of prey and poultry?

A

Trichomonas gallinae

86
Q

What is the transmission of Trichomonas gallinae? What stages are present?

A

Oral-oral

Trophozoites are transmitted, no cyst stage

87
Q

What is the habitat of Trichomonas gallinae?

A

epithelial surface from oral cavity to crop, in sinueses, and viscera

88
Q

What are the signs of Trichomonas gallinae?

A

Anorexic, as well as dysphagia, weight loss, and difficulty breathing

89
Q

_____ is the feline trichomoniasis

A

Tritrichomonas blagburni

90
Q

What does Tritrichomonas blagburni cause?

A

Colitis; large bowel disease
causes an increased frequency of defication and cow-pie like stools
Can cause an inflammed painful anus

91
Q

Where is Tritrichomonas blagburni most common?

A

Shelters, cat colonies, and multi-cat households

92
Q

______ is the most common STD in the US right now?

A

Tritrichomonas vaginalis

93
Q

T/F Tritrichomonas vaginalis causes clinical signs in men and women

A

FALSE; Tritrichomonas vaginalis is asymptomatic in males

Parasit Final Crap (5 decks)

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