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Parasit Final Crap > Apicomplexa > Flashcards

Apicomplexa Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Apicomplexas we are concerned about?

A 
Eimeria 
Cystoisospora
Cryptosporidium 
Toxoplasm
Neospora
Sarcocystis
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2
Q

Most of the effective drugs to the Apicomplexa work against what?

A

Apicoplast

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3
Q

What are the three basic life cycles of Apicomplexa?

A

Sporogony (Becomes infectious)
Gametogony (Sexual reproduction)
Merogony (Asexual phase happens in vector)

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4
Q

Which Apicomplexa has the simplest life cycle?

A

Eimeria

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5
Q

Eimeria are ________ parasites that are usually in the _________ cells

A

obligate intracellular

gut epithelial

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6
Q

How is Eimeria transmitted? What is the infective stage? Where does it develop? What is passed in the feces?

A

Fecal-oral
Sporulated oocyst
Sporulates in the environment
Non-infective, non-sporulated oocyst

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7
Q

Describe the life cycle of Eimeria starting with a non-sporulated oocyst

A

It contains a single sporont
Undergo sporogony to become infective.
Sporont undergoes two divisions to form 4 sporoblasts
Sporoblast develops into a sporocyst with 2 sporozoites

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8
Q

How many sporozoites does a sporulated oocyst have?

A

8

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9
Q

Where does sporogony occur for Eimeria?

A

In the environment

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10
Q

What temperature causes oocysts to sporulate faster?

A

Warmer temperature

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11
Q

What is the asexual proliferation phase called?

A

Merogany

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12
Q

In merogany, what do the sporozoites become?

A

Merozoites

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13
Q

Final asexual generation of merozoites proceed to what?

A

Gametogony

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14
Q

_____ is the sexual reproduction phase. What do the females become? Males?

A

Gametogony
Microgametes
Macrogametes

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15
Q

T/F There is no zoonosis in Eimeria species

A

TRUE; there is no crossover

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16
Q

T/F Immunity to Eimeria is species specific; there is absolutely no cross over

A

TRUE; once again. No crossover

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17
Q

What does clinical disease associated with Eimeria come from?

A

The amount of oocysts that are ingested
species
Host factors

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18
Q

What is the lag time for oocyst detection and clinical signs from Eimeria?

A

Clinical signs can usually be seen 1-2 days before the oocysts can be detected in feces

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19
Q

What are the three types of coccidiosis?

A

Winter, enteric, and nervous

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20
Q

_______ coccidiosis has clinical signs that are seen in Janurary to MArch

A

Winter

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21
Q

Where do cocidiosis lesions occur?

A

Distal ileum lesions are associated with the asexual phase

Cecum/colon is associated with the sexual stage

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22
Q

What steps could you take to control/prevent bovine coccidiosis?

A

Remove and treat clinical cases
Minimize crowding/improve sanitation
Keep feces out of water/feed
Kill oocytes with sunlight and dessication

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23
Q

What is the most pathogenic Eimeria in small ruminants

A

Eimeria ovinoidalis

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24
Q

What is the Eimeria that infects the ceca of chickens? The small intestine?

A

Eimeria tenella

Eimeria necatrix

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25
Q

What causes hepatic coccidosis in rabbits?

A

Eimeria stiedae

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26
Q

What is the one difference between Eimeria and Isospora?

A

Isospora often utilizes a paratenic host

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27
Q

Dogs infected with cystoisospora sheds what in feces? What is infective? Where does sporogony take place?

A

Unsporulated oocyst
Sporulated oocyst
Environment

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28
Q

What are some clinical signs associated with cystoisospora infection? Where are these most common?

A

anorexia, weight loss, possible vomiting. Can see oocysts in feces
Seen in kennels or catteries

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29
Q

What is unique about cystoisospora oocysts?

A

They have no micropyle cap
They have only 2 sporocysts
4 sporozoites per sporocyst

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30
Q

What is the best way to control cystoisospora?

A

Saitation and post-partum treatment of queen or bitch

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31
Q

__________ is the cystoisospora that is ubiquitous with swine and causes neonatal diarrhea

A

Cystoisospora suis

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32
Q

T/F Snail is a common paratenic host for Cystoisospora suis

A

FALSE; there generally is no PH for this

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33
Q

Where would you look to complete a post-mortem diagnosis for Cystoisospora suis?

A

Jejunum and duodenum for fibronecrotic membranes

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34
Q

What are the treatments of choice for Cystoisospora suis?

A

Toltrazuril and Diclazuril

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35
Q

_____ causes cryptosporidosis

A

Cryptosporidium

36
Q

Intestinal cryptosporidia in humans and cattle is most commonly caused by what?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

37
Q

What is unique about Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Sporogony occurs within the host

38
Q

What type of Cryptosporidium parvum infects cattle? Humans?

A

Type 1

Type 2

39
Q

The sporulated oocyst of Cryptosporidium parvum has how many sporozoites?

A

4

40
Q

What are the two types of oocysts that Cryptosporidium parvum produces?

A

Thick shelled

Thin shelled

41
Q

What are the differences between the thick shelled and thin shelled oocysts of Cryptosporidium?

A

Thick shelled are passed in feces

Thin shelled is auto-infective

42
Q

T/F Cryptosporidium is zoonotic

A

TRUE; it can give ya the screamers

43
Q

T/F Cryptosporidium must be treated, even in the immune competent host

A

FALSE; this is usually self limiting as the system catches up

44
Q

What would you use to diagnose cryptosporidium ante-mortem?

A

Sugar fecal float

Oocysts will be pale pink and refractile in this solution

45
Q

What is the treatment for Cryptosporidium?

A

Eh, idk nothing really works.

Provide supportive care

46
Q

What is difficult about preventing and controlling Cryptosporidium in a herd?

A

It is autoinfective so just limiting the oocyst exposure may not work.
Water purification also does not eliminate Cryptosporidium

47
Q

How can you kill cryptosporidium oocyst/

A

Repeated thawing and freezing

48
Q

What is the cause of Toxoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

49
Q

T/F Toxoplasma gondii can infect all warm blooded animals and is highly zoonotic

A

TRUE

50
Q

What is different about the Tozoplasma gondii life cycle?

A

They have tachyzoites and bradyzoites

51
Q

What are tachyzoites? Bradyzoites?

A

Tachyzoites: quick proliferating intracellular stage
Bradyzoites: slow proliferating stage within a tissue cyst

52
Q

What is the source of infection for Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Sporulated oocyst ingestion
Ingest tissue cyst with bradyzoites from IH
Transplacentally via tachyzoites

53
Q

What is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii? What is the life cycle like?

A

Cats
Merogony and gametogony occur in the GI tract. Shed unsporulated oocysts.
Extra-intestinal reproduction also occurs: tachyzoites in any cell, bradyzoites in tissue cysts.

54
Q

What is the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii in the intermediate host? What is an intermediate host?

A

Infection via ingestion of sporulated oocysts
ONLY intracellular takes place
Tachyzoites and bradyzoites can be found in the brain, eyes, and muscle
Mammals and basically any animal.

55
Q

T/F Intermediate hosts infected with Toxoplasma gondii shed oocysts

A

FALSE

56
Q

T/F Cysts in the IH persist for the life of the animal

A

TRUE

57
Q

Can tachyzoites be cleared by an immune-competent host?

A

Yes. When the cyst walls break down and release the bradyzoites, which then find a new cell, they revert back to tachyzoites which can be cleared

58
Q

What are the clinical signs of animals infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Generally asymptomatic

Tachyzoites can cause inflammation in multiple organ systems

59
Q

T/F Cats only shed oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii once in their life

A

TRUE; they only shed oocysts after their first primary exposure

60
Q

What symptoms would you see in humans infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Flu-like symptoms in immune competent adults

Encephalitis in immune compromised adults

61
Q

What would you do to diagnose Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Fecal floats to detect the oocysts

62
Q

How do you prevent infection with Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Prevent the ingestion of tissue cysts (wear gloves when handling raw meat)
Wash hands after handling raw meat
Don’t drink unpasteurized goat milk
Prevent oocyte sporulation and ingestion

63
Q

How do you prevent cats from becoming infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Prevent hunting, don’t feed raw meat, and clean out the litter box daily.

64
Q

________ is only known to have dogs and coyotes as its definitive host

A

Neospora caninum

65
Q

Neospora caninum uses what for intermediate hosts?

A

Cattle and deer

66
Q

How can infection of Neospora caninum occur?

A

Ingestion of sporulated oocysts
Ingestion of tissue cysts with bradyzoites
Transplacental transfer of tachyzoites (MOST COMMON)

67
Q

What is the life cycle of Neospora caninum in the dog?

A

intestinal merogony and gametogony
Non-sporulated oocysts shed in the feces
Extra-intestinal occurs in all hosts
Sporozoites or bradyzoites become tachyzoites, which can infect any cell type and can usually cause the problems

68
Q

What is different about the Neospora caninum cysts?

A

They have much thicker walls than the Toxoplasma gondii ones.

69
Q

Bovine _____ is a major cause of cattle abortions worldwide

A

neosporosis

70
Q

Inflammation of the placenta and fetus in cattle is associated with what form of Neospora caninum?

A

Tachyzoites

71
Q

How do you prevent your cattle from becoming infected with Neospora caninum?

A

Usually endemic resulting from transplacental infection

Can see outbreaks with feed and dog feces

72
Q

Canine neosporosis is usually a problem in _____ and is a result of ______ infection

A

Pups

congenital

73
Q

What are some of the signs of canine neosporosis?

A

Leg weakness and ataxia

Can progress to paralysis of the hind limbs

74
Q

What causes protozoal myeloencephalitis?

A

Sarcocystosis

75
Q

What is the life cycle of Sarcocystis?

A

Obligate indirect cycle involving 2 hosts
Carnivore is definitive host
Herbivore is intermediate host

76
Q

Describe the life cycle of Sarcocystis in the intermediate host

A

Merogony: muscular phase that is initiated by merozoites from last stage of merogony
gives rise to cysts with bradyzoites in mature muscles that persist for the life of the host

77
Q

Describe the life cycle of sarcocystis in the definitive host

A

Infection occurs via ingestion of bradyzoites, from the tissue cysts in IH.
Bradyzoites infect enterocytes; undergo gametogony and produce oocysts.
Oocysts sporulate in the gut, produces sporocysts or sporulated oocysts in the feces

78
Q

T/F Sarcocystis is immediately infective once it is passes in the feces of carnivores

A

TRUE; sheds sporozoites or sporulated oocysts

79
Q

What Sarcocystis species causes Equine protozoal myelitis

A

Sarcocystis neurona

80
Q

What is the definitive host for Sarcocystis neurona?

A

Opossum

81
Q

T/F Sarcocystis neurona is not really a big problem in the US

A

FALSE; if you see a horse with CNS type disease this should raise on your list of differentials

82
Q

T/F Horses are an abberrant intermediate host for Sarcocystis neurona

A

TRUE; they are a dead end intermediate host

83
Q

What are some signs associated with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis ?

A

Focal, soft, discolored areas of the spinal cord that are generally asymmetric
Usually are just general CNS clinical signs

84
Q

What are some risk factors for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?

A

Opossums in your barn

Barns near your farm

85
Q

How do you diagnose equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?

A

This is more or less a rule out lesion

Parasit Final Crap (5 decks)

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