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DTMH > Vector-borne > Flashcards

Vector-borne Flashcards

1
Q

Which rodents are associated with plague?

A

Mastomys natalensis
Rattus rattus (black rat)

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2
Q

What treatment can be given to people associated with patients infected with plague?

A

Bactrim
Doxycycline

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3
Q

What are the forms of plague?

A

Bubonic
Pneumonic
Carbuncular
Can causes sepsis (enterobacter - gram negative sepsis)

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4
Q

What type of bacteria is yersinia pestis?

A

Obligate intracellular

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5
Q

What are the 3 major filarial infections?

A

Lymphatic filariasis
Onchocerciasis
Loiasis

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6
Q

Which organism causes lymphatic filariasis?

A

W. bancrofti

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7
Q

Which organism causes onchocerciasis?

A

O. volvulus

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8
Q

Which organism causes loiasis?

A

Loa loa

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9
Q

What is the life cycle of filaria?

A

Vector feeds on human host and transmits larval stage -> adult worms develop in host tissue and mate -> microfilariae produced -> vectors ingest the microfilariae -> larval stage develops in the vector

Cannot have more adult worms without repeated bites!

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10
Q

Where do adult worms live in lymphatic filariasis?

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels

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11
Q

Which mosquitoes transmit w. bancrofti?

A

Anopheles
Culex

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12
Q

Describe the behavior of w. bancrofti worms

A

Nocturnal (except the South Pacific worms which are diurnal)

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13
Q

What are 2 other lymphatic filariae?

A

Brugia malayi
Brugia timori

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14
Q

When does lymphatic filariasis become irreversible?

A

Elephantiasis (hard, fibrous tissue)

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15
Q

How can lymphatic filariasis present?

A

Hydrocele
Lower limb oedema
Chyluria

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16
Q

How do you distinguish w. bancrofti from loa loa?

A

W. bancrofti - no nuclei at tail end

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17
Q

What is the vector of loa loa?

A

Tabanid flies eg chrysops

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18
Q

What is loa loa also called?

A

African eye worm

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19
Q

How does epidemiology between lymphatic filariasis differ?

A

W. bancrofti - worldwide
Loa loa - central and western africa

20
Q

Which condition presents with calabar swelling?

A

Loa loa

21
Q

What is the vector of onchocerciasis?

A

Blackfly

22
Q

What are the 2 target sites of onchocerciasis?

A

Skin (dermatitis and leopard skin depigmentation)
Eye (river blindness)

23
Q

Which microfilariae causes intense eosinophilic inflammatory response on death?

A

O. volvulus

24
Q

Where do o. volvulus reside?

A

Onchocercal nodules (subcutaneous tissue, usually over bony prominences)

25
Q

Why is ivermectin treatment given annually for onchocerciasis?

A

Does not kill the adult worm

26
Q

Which microfilariae have wolbachia endosymbiote?

A

W. bancrofti
O. volvulus

27
Q

Which stage does ivermectin affect?

A

Microfilariae

28
Q

Which microfilariae have ivermectin indicated for treatment?

A

All

29
Q

Which stage does albendazole affect?

A

Adult worm

30
Q

Which stage does doxycycline affect?

A

Female worm

31
Q

Which stage does diethylcarbamazine affect?

A

Micro + adult

32
Q

Which microfilariae have albendazole indicated for treatment?

A

Loaisis

33
Q

Which microfilariae have doxycyline indicated for treatment?

A

Bancrofti + oncho

34
Q

Which microfilariae have diethylcarbamazine indicated for treatment?

A

Bancrofti + loa

35
Q

Which drugs are contraindicated in oncho?

A

Albendazole
Diethylcarbamazine

36
Q

What are the 3 groups of rickettsial infections?

A

Spotted fever group
Typhus group
Other - no longer rickettsias

37
Q

Which conditions fall under spotted fever group?

A

African tick bite fever
Boutonneuse/Mediterranean spotted fever
Tick typhus (Queensland, Siberian, Kenyan, Japanese)
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Rickettsialpox
Flea associated (R. felis)

38
Q

Which conditions fall under typhus group?

A

Louse born (epidemic) typhus
Flea borne (endemic, murine) typhus

39
Q

Which conditions are no longer rickttsias?

A

Q fever (c. burnetii)
Scrub typhus (orienta tsutsugamushi) - mite borne

40
Q

Which tick causes Boutonneuse fever-like infection and what is the usual vector, transmission and reservoir?

A

R. conorii
Vector - dogs
Reservoir - rodents, dogs, ticks
Transmission - peri-urban and peri-domestic

41
Q

What are the clinical features of Boutonneuse fever-like infection?

A

5-7d incubation
Prodrome = malaise, fever, headache, nightmares, myalgia
Primary lesion = eschar
Rash after 3 days (coarse, maculopapular, palms and soles)

42
Q

Which tick causes african tick bite fever and what is the usual vector, transmission and reservoir?

A

R. africae
Vector = cattle ticks (ambiyamma genus)
Reservoirs = cattle, game, ticks
Transmission = rural

43
Q

What are the clinical features of african tick bite fever?

A

Milder than Boutonneuse
Multiple eschars
Tender regional lymphadenopathy
Rashless/scattered rash

44
Q

What are complicators of rickettsial infection?

A

Encephalitis
Confusion
Coma
Pneumonia
DIC
Bleeding gangrene
Renal failure

45
Q

How is rickettsial infection diagnosed?

A

Direct
- immunofluorescence
- PCR
Serology
- specific immunofluorescence
- Weil-Felix (obsolete)

46
Q

Discuss treatment of rickettsial infection

A

Tetracyclines
Clinical response takes 2 days
In young children/pregnancy consider 2 doses doxy then macrolide
Macrolide alone has slower response

DTMH (7 decks)

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