VASCULAR WB EX Flashcards
Middle layer of the vascular system; veins have thinner tunica media than arteries
tunica media
Outer layer of the vascular system, contains the vasa vasorum
tunica adventitia
Inner layer of the vascular system
tunica intima
Communication between two blood vessels without any intervening capillary network
anastomosis
Minute vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems
capillaries
Arises inferior to the celiac axis to supply the proximal half of the colon and the small intestine
superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
Vascular structures that carry blood away from the heart
arteries
Small branch supplying the caudate and left lobes of the liver
left hepatic artery
The abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of the umbilicus into these, which supply blood to the lower extremities
common iliac arteries
Arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta, travels posterior to the inferior vena cava to supply the kidney
right renal artery
Branch of the common hepatic artery that supplies the stomach and duodenum
gastroduodenal artery
Largest arterial structure in the body; arises from the left ventricle to supply blood to head, upper and lower extremities, and abdominopelvic cavity
aorta
Arises from the anterior aortic wall at the level of the third or fourth lumbar vertebra to supply the left transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
inferior mesenteric artery
Arises from the celiac axis to supply the stomach and lower third of the esophagus
left gastric artery
Arises from the celiac axis to supply the spleen, pancreas, stomach, and greater omentum
splenic artery
Arises from the celiac trunk to supply the liver
common hepatic artery
Supplies the gallbladder via the cystic artery
right hepatic artery
Arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta directly into the hilus of the kidney
left renal artery
Supplies the stomach
right gastric artery
Drains the spleen; travels horizontally across abdomen (posterior to pancreas) to join the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein
splenic vein
Three large veins that drain the liver and empty into the inferior vena cava at the level of the diaphagm
hepatic veins
Formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein near the porta hepatis of the liver
portal vein
Leaves the renal hilum to enter the lateral wall of the inferior vena cava
right renal vein
Collapsible vascular structures that carry blood back to the heart
veins
Drains the left third of the colon and upper colon and joins the splenic vein
inferior mesenteric vein
Leaves the renal hilum, travels anterior to the aorta and posterior to the superior mesenteric artery to enter the lateral wall of the inferior vena cava
left renal vein
Drains the proximal half of the colon and small intestine, travels vertically (anterior to the inferior vena cava) to join the splenic vein to form the portal veins
superior mesenteric vein
Largest venous abdominal vessel that conveys blood from the body below the diaphragm to the right atrium of the heart
inferior vena cava
Weakening of the arterial wall
cystic medial necrosis
Permanent localized dilatation of an artery, with an increase of 1.5 times its normal diameter
aneurysm
Thrombosis of the hepatic veins
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Disease of the arterial vessels marked by thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls
arteriosclerosis
Circumferential enlargement of a vessel with tapering at both ends
Fusiform aneurysm
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
TIPS
Localized dilatation of the vessel
saccular aneurysm
Condition in which the aortic wall become irregular from plaque formation
atherosclerosis
Periportal collateral channels in patients with chronic portal vein obstruction
cavernous transformation of the portal vein
Tear in the intima or media of the abdominal aorta
dissecting aneurysm
Communication between an artery and a vein
arteriovenous fistula
Most commonly results from intrinsic liver disease; however, also results from obstruction of the portal vein, hepatic veins, inferior vena cava, or prolonged congestive heart failure; may cause flow reversal to the liver, thrombosis of the portal system, or cavernous transformation of the portal vein
portal venous hypertension
Pulsatile hematoma that results from leakage of blood into soft tissue abutting the punctured artery with fibrous encapsulation and failure of the vessel wall to heal
pseudoaneurysm
Hereditary disorder of connective tissue, bones, muscles, ligaments, and skeletal structures
Marfan syndrome
Permanent dilation of an artery that forms when tensile strength of the arterial wall decreases
true aneurysm
Vessels that have little or reversed flow in diastole and supply organs that do not need a constant blood supply (i.e., external carotid artery and brachial arteries)
resistive
Flow toward the liver
hepatopetal
Vessels that have high diastolic component and supply organs that need constant perfusion (i.e., internal carotid artery, hepatic artery, and renal artery)
nonresistive
peak systole minus peak diastole divided by peak systole
resistive index
Increased turbulence is seen within the spectral tracing that indicates flow disturbance
spectral broadening
Flow away from the liver
hepatofugal
Sonographer selects the exact site to record Doppler signals and sets the sample volume (gate) at this site
Doppler sample volume
Tiny arteries and veins that supply the walls of blood vessels
vasa vasorum
The _______________ passes anterior to the third part of the duodenum and posterior to the neck of the pancreas, where it joins the splenic vein to form the main portal vein.
superior mesenteric vein (SMV)
The _______________ supplies the gallbladder via the cystic artery and the liver.
right hepatic artery (RHA)
The aorta continues to flow in the _______________ cavity anterior and slightly _______________ of the vertebral column.
retroperitoneal, left
The _______________ trunk is the first anterior branch of the aorta, arising 1 to 2 cm inferior to the diaphragm.
celiac
The _______________ flows from the kidney posterior to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and anterior to the aorta to enter the lateral wall of the inferior vena cava.
left renal vein
The diameter of the abdominal aorta measures approximately _______________ cm, tapering to _______________ cm after it proceeds inferiorly to the bifurcation into the iliac arteries.
2-3, 10-15
The _______________ is the second anterior branch, arising approximately 2 cm from the celiac trunk.
superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
Portal veins become _______________ as they progress into the liver from the porta hepatis.
smaller
The _______________ courses from the aorta posterior to the inferior vena cava (IVC) and anterior to the vertebral column in a posterior and slightly caudal direction to enter the hilum of the kidney.
right renal artery
The _______________ courses along the upper border of the head of the pancreas, behind the posterior layer of the peritoneal bursa, to the upper margin of the superior part of the duodenum, which forms the lower boundary of the epiploic foramen.
gastroduodenal artery
Three arterial branches arise from the superior border of the aortic arch to supply the head, neck, and upper extremities: the ______________, _______________, and _______________.
brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian
The _______________ is formed posterior to the pancreas by the union of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and splenic veins at the level of L2.
portal vein
The _______________ artery takes a somewhat tortuous course horizontally to the left as it forms the superior border of the pancreas.
splenic
The portion of the femoral artery posterior to the knee is the _______________.
popliteal artery
The _______________ originate in the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava (IVC) at the level of the diaphragm.
hepatic veins
List the five sections into which the aorta is divided.
- root of the aorta 2. ascending aorta 3. descending aorta 4. abdominal aorta 5. bifurcation of the aorta into iliac arteries
List the 4 branches of the aorta that supply other visceral organs and the mesentery.
celiac trunk, SMA, IMA, and the renal arteries
A flow disturbance (increased velocity or obstruction of flow) may result from the formation of an atheroma, AV fistula, _______________, or aneurysmal dilation.
pseudoaneurysm
Nonresistive vessels have high _______________ component and supply organs that need constant perfusion, such as the internal carotid artery, the hepatic artery, and the renal artery.
diastolic
Resistive vessels have very little or even reversed flow in diastolic and supply organs that do not need a constant blood supply, such as the _______________ carotid and the iliac and brachial arteries.
external
_______________ is a pattern of blood flow, typically seen in large arteries, in which most cells are moving at the same velocity across the entire diameter of the vessel. In other vessels the different velocities are the result of friction between the cells and arterial walls.
plug flow
Doppler only records accurate velocity patterns when the beam is _______________ to the flow.
parallel
The flow pattern of the proximal abdominal aorta above the renal arteries shows a high _______________ peak and a relatively low _______________ component.
systolic, diastole
The main renal artery has a(n) _______________ impedance (nonresistive) patter with significant diastole flow - usually 30% to 50% of peak systole
low
During rejection, the vascular impedence _______________, resulting in a decrease or even reversal of the diastolic flow.
increases
The portal vein shows a relatively _______________ flow at low velocities, which may vary slightly with respirations.
continuous
Cavernous transformation of the portal vein demonstrates _______________ collateral channels in patients with chronic portal vein obstruction.
periportal
With a recanalized _______________ vein, the main portal vein and the left portal vein show normal flow, but the flow in the right portal vein is reserved.
Umbilical
The most common causes of aneurysms are _______________ and _______________.
arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis
The large aneurysm may rupture into the peritoneal cavity or retroperitoneum, causing _______________ and a drop in _______________.
intense back pain, hematocrit
The normal measurement for an adult abdominal aorta is less than 3 cm, measuring from _______________ to _______________ walls.
outer, outer
Thrombus usually occurs along the _______________ or _______________ wall.
anterior, anterolateral
A(n) _______________ is a pulsatile hematoma that results from the leakage of blood into the soft tissue abutting the punctured artery, with subsequent fibrous encapsulation and failure of the vessel wall defect to heal.
pseudoaneurysm
In patients with right ventricular failure, the inferior vena cava does not collapse with _______________.
expiration
The most common origin of pulmonary emboli is venous thrombosis from the _______________ extremities.
lower
The root of the aorta arises from the _______________ outflow tract in the heart.
left ventricular
which renal vessel is shown?
Left renal vein
how can the sonographer deternine that the inferior vena cava is dilated?
IVC measures > 2.5 cm & does not show > 50% collapse w/ expiration if it is enlarged
pt. presents w/ pulsatile abd. mass. what does this longitudinal image of abd demonstrate?
large abdominal aortic aneurysm w/ thrombus along the anterior and posterior borders
the lumen is anechoic w/ thrombus along lateral and posterior borders
clinical findings in pt w/ disecting aneurysm?
40-60 years old, hypertensive, usually male, usually known to have aneurysm w/ sudden excruiating chest pain radiating to back. CT usually ordered for speed
stable pt may have slow leak
disecting aneurysm usually small -US is used
3 locations where dissection of aorta may occur
