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Plant Sciences > Vascular System > Flashcards

Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are tracheids and vessel elements together called

A

Tracheary element

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2
Q

What kind of cell wall do to tracheids and vessel element have

A

Lignified cell wall

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3
Q

Where does differentiation takes place in xylem

A

In tracheary element

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4
Q

What happens in differentiation

A

Specification, enlargement, patterned cell wall deposition, programmed cell death and cell wall removal

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5
Q

How are pits different from pores?

A

Pits are the cavity in the secondary cell wall and pores do not have any wall.

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6
Q

What are the two types of perforation in the vessel element?

A

Simple and compound perforations are found. Compound perforation all of three types: -
Reticulate
Scalariform
Foraminate

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7
Q

Who lacks vessel in the xylem?

A

Gymnosperm

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8
Q

What kind of cell is xylem parenchyma? What is its function?

A

Xylem parenchyma is a living and thin walled cell. It helps in storage of starch or fat.

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9
Q

What are xylem fibres? What are their function?

A

They are highly thick and dead cells. They help in mechanical function. They are either septate or aseptate.

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10
Q

What are the two types of xylem fibres?

A

Fibre tracheids and libriform fibre

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11
Q

What are sieve tube elements?

A

They are elongated living cells.

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12
Q

What are the organelles that are lost after maturation of seive tube element?

A

They lose a nucleus tonoplast, golgi bodies and ribosomes.

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13
Q

What do mature seive tube element have?

A

They have SER, mitochondria and plastids.

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14
Q

What does a gymnosperm have instead of seive tube element and companion cell?

A

They have seive cells and albuminous cells.

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15
Q

What is the name of protein that phloem has that help in plugging the phloem?

A

P protein and callose

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16
Q

Where is p protein and callose are synthesized?

A

P protein synthesized in immature seive cells and callose synthesized in plasma membrane by callose synthase.

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17
Q

Which one is a reversible mechanism for plugging the sieve tube element?

A

P protein

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18
Q

What organelles does companion cells have?

A

They have a dense cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, golgi bodies, ER and chloroplast.

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19
Q

What are the three types of companion cells?

A

Ordinary companion cell, transfer companion cell and intermediary companion cell

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20
Q

Where is phloem parenchyma absent in

A

Monocotyledons

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21
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

J = -D (∆c/∆x)

22
Q

What is a turgor pressure?

A

Pressure exerted outwards against the cell wall.

23
Q

What is incipient plasmolysis ?

A

The first sign of shrinkage of protoplast

24
Q

What is the relationship of water potential with solute potential

A

Inversely proportional

25
Q

What are the three zones of development in roots

A

Zone of differentiation, elongation zone and meristematic zone

26
Q

What are the two pressures that help in the absorption of water in the roots?

A

Hydrostatic pressure and transpiration

27
Q

What are the three pathways in which the water moves from the cell?

A

Apoplastic, symplastic and transmembrane pathway

28
Q

What is casparian strip made of?

A

Suberin

29
Q

Who proposed cohesion tension theory?

A

Dixon and Jolly

30
Q

What is cavitation or embolism?

A

Presence of a bubble in the xylem sap.

31
Q

What are the three types of transpiration?

A

Stomatal, cuticular and lenticular transpiration

32
Q

What happens when the blue light falls on the stomata?

A

When the blue light falls on the stomata, zeaxanthin activates signal transduction cascade that activates serine and threonine. They activate H+ ATPase and protons get pumped out. K+ and Cl- is taken in by proton chloride symporter. Malate synthesis and sucrose synthesis occur.

33
Q

Why does stomata opens?

A

Due to turgor pressure

34
Q

Transpiration ratio?

A

The ratio of the number of water molecules transpired to form a CO2.

35
Q

What is the transpiration ratio of C3 C4 and cam plants

A

C3 500
C4 250
CAM 50

36
Q

What is guttation

A

Exudation of water molecule via hydathodes at night

37
Q

Why does guttation occur?

A

Due to positive hydrostatic pressure

38
Q

What is the major pathway taken by water to reach xylem

A

Apoplastic

39
Q

What is the major pathway to reach xylem taken by ions?

A

Symplastic

40
Q

Functional unit of phloem

A

SE-CC complex

41
Q

Major sink during early stage and major sink during reproductive stage

A

During early stage: Roots and leaves
Reproductive stage: tubers, seeds and fruit

42
Q

What kind of sugars are present in the phloem sap

A

Sucrose, raffinose, stachyose and verbascose.

43
Q

What are present in the phloem sap

A

Organic solutes, amino acids, inorganic acids, hormone, RNAs

44
Q

Is sugar alcohol present in the phloem sap

A

Yes

45
Q

Which sugar isn’t tolerated in the phloem sap

A

Glucose

46
Q

Who gave pressure flow hypothesis and what was in it?

A

Münch gave the hypothesis. It said that mass flow of phloem sap occurred due to the pressure gradient between source and sink.

47
Q

What is leakage retrieval mechanism

A

Loading and unloading occurs throughout the whole seive tube element

48
Q

What is the name of the uniporter that transfers sucrose down the concert gradient from mesophyll cell

A

SWEET

49
Q

What is polymer trapping mechanism

A

Sucrose when symplatically enters the companion cell, it becomes raffinose. Since raffinose is a large molecule it can’t go back, hence it has to go to the seive tube element.

50
Q

What is the major path from which phloem loading takes place

A

Symplastic loading

Plant Sciences (2 decks)

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