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Cardiopulmonary > Vascular System > Flashcards

Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Major functions of the vascular system

A

Regulating BP and distributing blood flow.

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2
Q

Arteries

A
  • Large radii, high elasticity
  • low-resistance tubes
  • “Pressure reservoirs”
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3
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

max arterial pressure reached during the peak of ventricular contraction/ejection.

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4
Q

Compliance

A

change in volume / change in pressure

Higher compliance = more stretch

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5
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

Min arterial pressure reached just prior to ventricular ejection.

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6
Q

Arterial Blood Pressure

A

Systolic Pressure / diastolic pressure

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7
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

systolic Pressure - diastolic pressure

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8
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

average pressure driving blood to the tissues over cardiac cycle

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9
Q

Factors affecting magnitude of the pulse pressure:

A
  • SV
  • Speed of ejection of the stroke volume
  • Arterial compliance
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10
Q

Arterioles Function

A
  • Determine relative blood flow to organs at any given MAP
  • Determine MAP
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11
Q

Arteriole diameter is controlled by:

A
  • Neural
  • Hormonal
  • Local chemicals
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12
Q

Flow-Pressure Relationship

A

Flow = change in pressure / resistance

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13
Q

Vasoconstriction of arterioles = increases resistance; if pressure remains constant what happens to blood flow to tissues/organs?

A

Decreased

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14
Q

Active hyperemia

A

increase in blood flow due to increased metabolic activity.

Ex: blood flow to skeletal muscles increases while exercising due to vasodilation.

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15
Q

Flow Autoregulation

A

the automatic adjustment of blood flow despite changes in pressures.

Ex: kidneys reacts to reduction in BF, due to diseased renal artery, by vasodilating its own arterioles.

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16
Q

Reactive Hyperemia

A

a temporary, significant increase in blood flow to an organ, following release of complete blood flow occlusion.

Ex: increase in BF to the arm, during a BP reading, after a brachial artery has been squeezed shut by the BP cuff.

17
Q

Response to injury

A

chemicals released by injured cells or found in the blood cause vasodilation of blood vessels in injured area.

Ex: this occurs during the inflammatory repsonse to injury or infection.

18
Q

Nitric Oxide is an example of a paracrine hormone secreted by endothelial cells. What is the function?

A

Induces relaxation or contraction.

19
Q

Gas and nutrient exchange occurs at what level of vasculature?

A

Capillaries

20
Q

Venules

A
  • large capacity for blood (capacitance vessel)
  • some permeability to macromolecules
  • Site of migration of leukocytes into tissues during inflammation and infection.
21
Q

Veins

A

Thin and compliant, blood reservoirs

22
Q

Mechanisms that aid in venous return

A
  • Respiratory pump
  • Muscular pump
  • Smooth muscle
23
Q

Respiratory pump

A

increased venous pressure d/t diaphragm contraction = increased abdominal pressure which compressed abdominal veins to return blood to heart.

24
Q

Muscular Pump

A

muscles contract and squeeze veins resulting in movement of blood towards heart.

Ex: calf pumps

25
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

In veins is under Sympathetic NS control and contracts when stimulated = venous contraction which promotes venous return.

26
Q

How is MAP calculated?

A

Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance

27
Q

Where in the vascular system does the majority of resistance occur that effects MAP?

A

arterioles

28
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

a group of homeostatic responses to changes in arterial blood pressure (MAP) that provide short term regulation of BP

29
Q

How are baroreceptor reflexes initiated?

A

arterial stretch/pressure receptors

30
Q

Baroreceptor reflexes are under control of

A

autonomic regulation

31
Q

Arterial Baroreceptors are stretch/pressor receptors - where are they located?

A

carotid sinuses and aortic arch

32
Q

Where is sensory input from the arterial baroreceptors input?

A

In the medullary cardiovascular control center

33
Q

How does the action potential firiting frequency change with response to pressure?

A
  • Increased firing of AP due to elevated MAP.
  • Decreased firing rate of AP due to reduced MAP
34
Q

How can PT help to challenge the strength of the baroreceptor reflexes?

A

slow positional changes

35
Q

What are some potential causes of hypotension?

A
  • Hemorrhage
  • Decreased cardiac contractility
  • Strong emotion
  • Massive release of endogenous substances (allergic reaction)
36
Q

Why is the skeletal muscle pump in the LE’s important?

A

It reduces the effects of gravity (pressure) and aids in return of blood to heart.

37
Q
A

Cardiopulmonary (4 decks)

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